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Django: byte indices must be integers or slices, not str error

I am trying to get some data from a payload using a webhook, in the response that I sent along side I added the meta data that should return with the payload and this is how I did it (code below), if you take a close look at the keys, there I one called meta, now I am trying to get some of the data that is in the meta from my webhook view like this:
views.py webhook
#csrf_exempt
#require_http_methods(['POST', 'GET'])
def webhook(request):
payload = request.body
order_id = payload['meta']['order_id']
print(order_id)
return HttpResponse("testing...")
Sending the reponse to the payment gateway
#csrf_exempt
def process_payment(request, name, email, amount, order_id):
auth_token = "FLWSECK_TEST-9efb9ee17d8afe40c6c890294a1163de-X"
hed = {'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + auth_token}
data = {
"tx_ref":''+str(math.floor(1000000 + random.random()*9000000)),
"amount":amount,
"currency":"USD",
"order_id":order_id,
"redirect_url":f"http://localhost:3000/service-detail/booking/confirmation/{order_id}",
"payment_options":"card",
"meta":{
"order_id":order_id,
"consumer_id":23,
"consumer_mac":"92a3-912ba-1192a"
},
"customer":{
"email":email,
"name":name,
"order_id":order_id
},
"customizations":{
"title":"ForecastFaceoff",
"description":"Leading Political Betting Platform",
"logo":"https://i.im.ge/2022/08/03m/FELzix.stridearn-high-quality-logo-circle.jpg"
}
}
url = ' https://api.flutterwave.com/v3/payments'
response = requests.post(url, json=data, headers=hed)
response=response.json()
link=response['data']['link']
return redirect(link)
payload
{
"event": "charge.completed",
"data": {
"id": 4136234873,
"tx_ref": "6473247093",
"flw_ref": "FLW-MOCK-b33e86ab2342316fec664110e8eb842a3c2f956",
"device_fingerprint": "df38c8854324598c54e16feacc65348a5e446",
"amount": 152,
"currency": "USD",
"charged_amount": 152,
"app_fee": 5.78,
"merchant_fee": 0,
"processor_response": "Approved. Successful",
"auth_model": "VBVSECUREertrCODE",
"ip": "52.209.154.143",
"narration": "CARD Transaction ",
"status": "successful",
"payment_type": "card",
"created_at": "2023-02-06T11:19:45.000Z",
"account_id": 685622,
"customer": {
"id": 1970338,
"name": "destiny ",
"phone_number": null,
"email": "******#gmail.com",
"created_at": "2023-02-06T11:19:45.000Z"
},
"card": {
"first_6digits": "653188",
"last_4digits": "2340",
"issuer": "MASTERCARD CREDIT",
"country": "NG",
"type": "MASTERCARD",
"expiry": "49/32"
}
},
"event.type": "CARD_TRANSACTION"
}
The metadata is not even showing in the payload, must it show up there in the payload before I can grab the data that is sent with it?

request.body is byte not a dict, so you need to load the string as JSON.
payload = json.loads(request.body)

The meta data is not in the payload dictionary. At first try to extract the data key from the payload like this:
#csrf_exempt
#require_http_methods(['POST', 'GET'])
def webhook(request):
payload = json.loads(request.body.decode("utf-8"))
data = payload.get("data")
if data:
order_id = data.get("meta", {}).get("order_id")
print(order_id)
return HttpResponse("just testing")
Edit:
The error message
as you described above in comment JSONDecodeError: Expecting value: line 1 column 1 (char 0) indicates that json.loads() is expecting a JSON string as input.
It may be possible that request body is empty. You can check that by printing the request.body before calling json.loads().
Try this:
#csrf_exempt
#require_http_methods(['POST', 'GET'])
def webhook(request):
payload = json.loads(request.body.decode("utf-8"))
data = payload.get("data")
if data and "meta" in data:
order_id = data.get("meta").get("order_id")
print(order_id)
else:
print("Meta key not found in data or data not found in payload")
print(payload)
return HttpResponse("just testing")
It would tell you whether the "meta" is present in data dictionary or not and also prints payload dict at the end.

Add new contact in Xero using python FASTAPI

I am trying to add a new contact in Xero using python FASTAPI:
define a new contact
contact = {
"Contacts": [
{
"Name": "24 locks",
"FirstName": "Ben",
"LastName": "Bowden",
"EmailAddress": "ben.bowden#24locks.com",
"ContactPersons": [
{
"FirstName": "John",
"LastName": "Smith",
"EmailAddress": "john.smith#24locks.com",
"IncludeInEmails": "true"
}
]
}
]
}
Call xero API
get_url = 'https://api.xero.com/api.xro/2.0/Contacts'
response = requests.post(get_url,
headers = {
'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + access_token,
'Xero-tenant-id': xero_tenant_id,
'Accept': 'application/json'
},
data = contact
)
json_response = response.json()
I get the following error:
{'ErrorNumber': 17, 'Type': 'NoDataProcessedException', 'Message': 'No data has been processed for this endpoint. This endpoint is expecting Contact data to be specifed in the request body.'}
Someone can help please ?
You can assume that access_token and xero_tenant_id are correct as I am using them for other methods and they works fine.
Thanks

Try to use json = contact instead of data = contact or set header 'Content-Type': 'application/json'
Because
data for dict When not specified content-type, The default is application/x-www-form-urlencoded,

TF400898: An Internal Error Occurred. Activity Id: 1fc05eca-fed8-4065-ae1a-fc8f2741c0ea

i’m trying to push files into git repo via azure API but getting activity_id error. I followed their documentation and trying to add simple file in my repo.
Here is my code:
import requests, base64
pat_token = "xxxx-xxxxx-xxxx"
b64Val = base64.b64encode(pat_token.encode()).decode()
payload = {
"refUpdates": [
{
"name": "refs/heads/main",
"oldObjectId": "505aae1f15ae153b7fc53e8bdb79ac997caa99e6"
}
],
"commits": [
{
"comment": "Added task markdown file.",
"changes": [
{
"changeType": "add",
"item": {
"path": "TimeStamps.txt"
},
"newContent": {
"content": "# Tasks\n\n* Item 1\n* Item 2",
"contentType": "rawtext"
}
}
]
}
]
}
headers = {
'Authorization': 'Basic %s' % b64Val,
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
}
params = (
('api-version', '6.0'),
)
response = requests.post('https://dev.azure.com/{organization}/{project}/_apis/git/repositories/{repo}/pushes', headers=headers, data=payload, params=params)
Anyone knows how to solve this issue? I have also added this issue on their developer community

I’ve fixed that error, actually the payload was not in json format so i have to make it as json and after that it worked fine.
Like this
response = requests.post('https://dev.azure.com/{organization}/{project}/_apis/git/repositories/{repoId}/pushes', headers=headers, params=params, data=json.dumps(payload))

Python Post Request to Custom API

Apologies if this is a stupid problem, but I do not have crazy amounts of experience with API's.
I have a request to do a REST API Call to post a JSON file to a endpoint via a Python script.
This is done in 2 steps:
Generate OAuth token from details received (grant_type, client_id, client_secret, scope)
Use this token to post the JSON structure file into the endpoint
However, I am having troubles posting the JSON file in my request.post call (I have edited the code to not show the sensitive information):
url_token = "https://login.dummyurl/oauth2/v2.0/token"
payload = {
'grant_type': 'client_credentials',
'client_id' : '<Dummy_ID>',
'client_secret' : '<Dummy_Secret>',
'scope' : 'https:<dummyscope>.default'
}
headers = {'accept': "application/json", 'content-type': "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
response = requests.post(url_token, data=payload, headers=headers)
return_obj = json.loads(response.text)
This generates the token that I need, but the problem is in the following section.
I read the JSON file as follow:
f = open(file, 'r')
cust_data = json.load(f)
Then create my "header" with the auth token included and set my target URL:
hed = {'accept': 'application/json', 'Authorization': token_type + ' ' + access_token}
url_cust = 'https://api-eu.jdadelivers.com/<dummy>/<dummyChannel>/v1/<pull_data>/<endpoint>'
Then I run the POST request to post the data to the endpoint:
response_post = requests.post(url_cust, data=json.dumps(cust_data), headers =hed)
print(response_post.json())
But I am prompted with the following error:
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting value", s, err.value) from None
json.decoder.JSONDecodeError: Expecting value: line 1 column 1 (char 0)
I have researched all the different methods to pull in the file differently, as it indicates that there might be a issue with the quotes etc. But I have attached a dummy sample of the JSON file I am trying to ingest.
{
"header": {
"sender": "SENDER",
"receiver": "RECEUVER",
"model": "MODEL",
"messageVersion": "VERSION",
"messageId": "DUMMY_ID",
"type": "ENDPOINT_DUMMY",
"creationDateAndTime": "2020-07-20T11:30:49.115+05:30"
},
"demandChannel": [
{
"creationDateTime": "2020-07-20T11:30:49.579+05:30",
"documentStatusCode": "STATUS",
"documentActionCode": "CODE",
"demandChannelId": "1",
"description": "DUMMY_TEST",
"componentDelimiter": "-",
"avpList": [
{
"CUSTOMERLVL_3": "TEST",
"CUSTOMERLVL_3_DESCR": "",
"CUSTOMERLVL_2": "TEST",
"CUSTOMERLVL_2_DESCR": "",
"CUSTOMERLVL_1": "TEST",
"ATTRIBUTE_1": "01",
"ATTRIBUTE_2": "TEST",
"ATTRIBUTE_3": "TEST",
"ATTRIBUTE_4": "TEST",
"ATTRIBUTE_5": "TEST",
"ATTRIBUTE_6": "TEST",
"ATTRIBUTE_7": "TEST",
"ATTRIBUTE_8": "TEST",
"ATTRIBUTE_9": "TEST",
"ATTRIBUTE_10": "TEST",
"ATTRIBUTE_11": "",
"ATTRIBUTE_12": "",
"ATTRIBUTE_13": "",
"ATTRIBUTE_14": "X",
"ATTRIBUTE_15": ""
}
]
}
]
}
Your help is greatly appreciated.

I found the problem - because of the custom API, I had to state the in the header dictionary the "User-Agent" parameter, and then posted successfully.

openstack cannot retrieve authentication token from API

I am trying to retrieve the authentication token from the API using requests library from python. Here is the attempt I have made so far:
def get_token():
data = {
"auth" : {
"identity" : {
"methods" : [ "password" ],
"password": {
"user" : {
"name" : OS_USERNAME,
"domain": { "name": "Default" },
"password": OS_PASSWORD
}
}
}
}
}
r = requests.post(
OS_AUTH_URL+'/auth/tokens',
headers = HEADERS,
json = data, # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9733638
verify = False
)
print(r.content)
j = json.loads(r.content)
return j['token']['user']['id']
I get token in the response :
{
"token": {
"issued_at": "2018-07-03T11:03:59.000000Z",
"audit_ids": [
"Fg1ywtZBQ1CkigCw70If9g"
],
"methods": [
"password"
],
"expires_at": "2018-07-03T12:03:59.000000Z",
"user": {
"password_expires_at": null,
"domain": {
"id": "default",
"name": "Default"
},
"id": "e0dc5beb383a46b98dad824c5d76e719",
"name": "admin"
}
}
}
However, when I am reusing this token to get, for instance, the list of projects :
def get_tenantID():
r = requests.get(
OS_AUTH_URL+'/auth/projects',
headers = HEADERS,
verify = False
)
return r
r = get_token()
HEADERS['X-Auth-Project-Id'] = 'admin'
HEADERS['X-Auth-Token'] = r
r = get_tenantID()
I get this error as if I would not be authenticated:
<Response [401]>
{"error": {"message": "The request you have made requires authentication.", "code": 401, "title": "Unauthorized"}}
Googling around and using openstack token issue command showed me that usually, token are more like:
gAAAAABaCo1F1CIMVlsTBeuqYH8tm2qR29tbkmUL4vZuhCNPXJI39TQ2YzL6Twoj8fNcAyLe3WhCYW2O1YpbBF0G8mo4bt7Kf0IRsoDOoJ6uWa3RYyJ5SQNoB_5n8EnVXbKPxFYOZ_iFBnaVtL1_XDrGbwsrlDeyy8lZTDdLsqY52pUhFR-7Uow
which is not what I get with get_token.
What am I doing wrong?
Many thanks!

When you use the auth API directly, the token issued comes in the X-Subject-Token header.
Thus, to retrieve in your python example, you could access the response.headers dict like this:
token = r.headers['X-Subject-Token']
More info about authentication in the Keystone v3 docs

1. fetch authentication token as mentioned below:
r = requests.post(
OS_AUTH_URL+'/auth/tokens',
headers = HEADERS,
json = data,
verify = False
)
token = r.headers[X-Subject-Token]
2. Pass this token in header for further request:
{
'X-Auth-Token': token
}