Invalid URL when using Python Requests - python

I am trying to access the API returning program data at this page when you scroll down and new tiles are displayed on the screen. Looking in Chrome Tools I have found the API being called and put together the following Requests script:
import requests
session = requests.session()
url = 'https://ie.api.atom.nowtv.com/adapter-atlas/v3/query/node?slug=/entertainment/collections/all-entertainment&represent=(items[take=60](items(items[select_list=iceberg])))'
session.headers = {
'Host': 'https://www.nowtv.com',
'Connection': 'keep-alive',
'Accept': 'application/json, text/javascript, */*',
'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.119 Safari/537.36',
'Referer': 'https://www.nowtv.com',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
'Accept-Language': 'en-GB,en-US;q=0.9,en;q=0.8'
}
scraper = cloudscraper.create_scraper(sess=session)
r = scraper.get(url)
data = r.content
print(data)
session.close()
This is returning the following only:
b'<HTML><HEAD>\n<TITLE>Invalid URL</TITLE>\n</HEAD><BODY>\n<H1>Invalid URL</H1>\nThe requested URL "[no URL]", is invalid.<p>\nReference #9.3c0f0317.1608324989.5902cff\n</BODY></HTML>\n'
I assume the issue is the part at the end of the URL that is in curly brackets. I am not sure however how to handle these in a Requests call. Can anyone provide the correct syntax?
Thanks

The issue is the Host session header value, don't set it.
That should be enough. But I've done some additional things as well:
add the X-* headers:
session.headers.update(**{
'X-SkyOTT-Proposition': 'NOWTV',
'X-SkyOTT-Language': 'en',
'X-SkyOTT-Platform': 'PC',
'X-SkyOTT-Territory': 'GB',
'X-SkyOTT-Device': 'COMPUTER'
})
visit the main page without XHR header set and with a broader Accept header value:
text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
I've also used params for the GET parameters - you don't have to do it, I think. It's just cleaner:
In [33]: url = 'https://ie.api.atom.nowtv.com/adapter-atlas/v3/query/node'
In [34]: response = session.get(url, params={
'slug': '/entertainment/collections/all-entertainment',
'represent': '(items[take=60,skip=2340](items(items[select_list=iceberg])))'
}, headers={
'Accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*',
'X-Requested-With':'XMLHttpRequest'
})
In [35]: response
Out[35]: <Response [200]>
In [36]: response.text
Out[36]: '{"links":{"self":"/adapter-atlas/v3/query/node/e5b0e516-2b84-11e9-b860-83982be1b6a6"},"id":"e5b0e516-2b84-11e9-b860-83982be1b6a6","type":"CATALOGUE/COLLECTION","segmentId":"","segmentName":"default","childTypes":{"next_items":{"nodeTypes":["ASSET/PROGRAMME","CATALOGUE/SERIES"],"count":68},"items":{"nodeTypes":["ASSET/PROGRAMME","CATALOGUE/SERIES"],"count":2376},"curation-config":{"nodeTypes":["CATALOGUE/CURATIONCONFIG"],"count":1}},"attributes":{"childNodeTyp
...

Related

Scrape XML response from ajax request with python

I'm trying to get the data that get loaded into the chart of this page when hitting the max (time range) button. The data are loaded with an ajax request.
I inspected the request and tried to reproduce it with the requests python library but I'm only able to retrieve the 1-year data from this chart.
Here is the code I used:
r = requests.get("https://www.justetf.com/en/etf-profile.html?0-4.0-tabs-panel-chart-dates-ptl_max&groupField=none&sortField=ter&sortOrder=asc&from=search&isin=IE00B3VWN518&tab=chart&_=1576272593482")
r.content
I also tried to use Session:
from requests import Session
session = Session()
session.head('http://justetf.com')
response = session.get(
url='https://www.justetf.com/en/etf-profile.html?0-4.0-tabs-panel-chart-dates-ptl_max&groupField=none&sortField=ter&sortOrder=asc&from=search&isin=IE00B3VWN518&tab=chart&_=1575929227619',
data = {"0-4.0-tabs-panel-chart-dates-ptl_max":"",
"groupField":"none","sortField":"ter",
"sortOrder":"asc","from":"search",
"isin":"IE00B3VWN518",
"tab":"chart",
"_":"1575929227619"
},
headers={
'Host': 'www.justetf.com',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:70.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/70.0',
'Accept': 'application/xml, text/xml, */*; q=0.01',
'Accept-Language': 'en-US,en;q=0.5',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'Wicket-Ajax': 'true',
'Wicket-Ajax-BaseURL': 'en/etf-profile.html?0&groupField=none&sortField=ter&sortOrder=asc&from=search&isin=IE00B3VWN518&tab=chart',
'Wicket-FocusedElementId': 'id28',
'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
'Connection': 'keep-alive',
'Referer': 'https://www.justetf.com/en/etf-profile.html?groupField=none&sortField=ter&sortOrder=asc&from=search&isin=IE00B3VWN518&tab=chart',
'Cookie': 'locale_=en; _ga=GA1.2.1297456970.1574289342; cookieconsent_status=dismiss; AWSALB=QMWHJxgfcpLXJLqX0i0FgBuLn+mpVHVeLRQ6upH338LdggA4/thXHT2vVWQX7pdBd1r486usZXgpAF8RpDsGJNtf6ei8e5NHTsg0hzVHR9C+Fj89AWuQ7ue+fzV2; JSESSIONID=ABB2A35B91751CA9B2D293F5A04505BE; _gid=GA1.2.1029531470.1575928527; _gat=1',
'TE': 'Trailer'
},
cookies = {"_ga":"GA1.2.1297456970.1574289342","_gid":"GA1.2.1411779365.1574289342","AWSALB":"5v+tPMgooQC0deJBlEGl2wVeUSmwVGJdydie1D6dAZSRAK5eBsmg+DQCdBj8t25YRytC5NIi0TbU3PmDcNMjiyFPTp1xKHgwNjZcDvMRePZjTxthds5DsvelzE2I","JSESSIONID":"310F346AED94D1A345207A3489DCF83D","locale_":"en"}
)
but I get this response
<ajax-response><redirect><![CDATA[/en/etf-profile.html?0&groupField=none&sortField=ter&sortOrder=asc&from=search&isin=IE00B3VWN518&tab=chart]]></redirect></ajax-response>
Why am I not getting a response to the same XML file that I get on my browser when I hit MAX?
Okay below is my solution to obtaining the data you seek:
url = "https://www.justetf.com/en/etf-profile.html"
querystring = {
# Modify this string to get the timeline you want
# Currently it is set to "max" as you can see
"0-1.0-tabs-panel-chart-dates-ptl_max":"",
"groupField":"none",
"sortField":"ter",
"sortOrder":"asc",
"from":"search",
"isin":"IE00B3VWN518",
"tab":"chart",
"_":"1576627890798"}
# Not all of these headers may be necessary
headers = {
'authority': "www.justetf.com",
'accept': "application/xml, text/xml, */*; q=0.01",
'x-requested-with': "XMLHttpRequest",
'wicket-ajax-baseurl': "en/etf-profile.html?0&groupField=none&sortField=ter&sortOrder=asc&from=search&isin=IE00B3VWN518&tab=chart",
'wicket-ajax': "true",
'wicket-focusedelementid': "id27",
'Connection': "keep-alive",
}
session = requests.Session()
# The first request won't return what we want but it sets the cookies
response = session.get( url, params=querystring)
# Cookies have been set now we can make the 2nd request and get the data we want
response = session.get( url, headers=headers, params=querystring)
print(response.text)
As a bonus, I have included a link to a repl.it where I actually parse the data and get each individual data point. You can find this here.
Let me know if that helps!

How to get right JSON responce from POST request from PYTHON script

Task is to get JSON responce from POST request from particular website.
Everything works fine in browser as follows. You may simulate the case yourself tryin to start enter text into Start Location field.
webaddress to check: https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/online-business/schedules/interactive-schedule.html
Chrome Dev Tool Screen 1 - Request URL and Header
Chrome Dev Tool Screen 2 - POST data
JSON RESPONCE (it must be like this)
{"rows":[{"LOCATION_COUNTRYABBREV":"GE","LOCATION_BUSINESSPOSTALCODE":"","LOCATION_BUSINESSLOCATIONNAME":"BATUMI","LOCATION_BUSINESSLOCODE":"GEBUS","STANDARDLOCATION_BUSINESSLOCODE":"GEBUS","LOCATION_PORTTYPE":"S","DISPLAYNAME":""}]}
My code as follows:
import requests
url = 'https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/online-business/schedules/interactive-schedule.html?_sschedules_interactive=_raction&action=getTypeAheadService'
POST_QUERY = 'batumi'
params = {
'query': POST_QUERY,
'reportname': 'FRTA0101',
'callConfiguration': "[resultLines=10,readDef1=location_businessLocationName STARTSWITH,readDef2=location_businessLocode STARTSWITH,readClause1=location_businessLocode<>'' AND location_portType='S' AND stdSubLocation_string10='STD',readClause2=location_businessLocode<>'' AND location_portType<>'S' AND stdSubLocation_string10='STD',readClause3=location_businessLocode<>'' AND location_portType='S' AND stdSubLocation_string10='SUB',readClause4=location_businessLocode<>'' AND stdSubLocation_string10='SUB',readClause5=location_businessLocode='' AND stdSubLocation_string10='SUB',sortDef1=location_businessLocationName ASC,resultAttr1=location_businessLocationName,resultAttr2=location_businessLocode,resultAttr3=location_businessPostalCode,resultAttr4=standardLocation_businessLocode,resultAttr5=location_countryAbbrev,resultAttr6=location_portType]"
}
headers = {
"Accept": "*/*",
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
'Accept-Language': 'en-EN,en;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7',
'Cache-Control': 'no-cache',
'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
'DNT': '1',
'Host': 'www.hapag-lloyd.com',
'Origin': 'https://www.hapag-lloyd.com',
'Pragma': 'no-cache',
# 'Proxy-Connection': 'keep-alive',
'Referer': 'https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/online-business/schedules/interactive-schedule.html',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.100 Safari/537.36'
}
print('Testing location: ', POST_QUERY)
var_cities = requests.post(url,data=params,headers=headers)
print(var_cities.content) #it does print some %$#%$
Python Print Content Screen
My question is "How to get right JSON responce from POST request from PYTHON script"?
I think using BeautifulSoup is a better option.
Try this
Python Convert HTML into JSON using Soup
print(var_cities.text)
This returns the html as string. Is this what you expected to get as a response? And to convert this into json, look at the answer above...

How should I fix the bad request response I am getting when sending a POST request?

I am trying to log on a site using python (Requests) and keep getting 400 Bad request error.
I have tried different header formats, even copied the headers from different browsers (Chrome, Edge, Firefox) but I am always getting 400 error.
I've tried browsing around but can't find anything that would help me.
import requests
with requests.Session() as c:
url = 'https://developer.clashofclans.com/api/login'
e='xxx#xxx.xxx'
p='yyyyy'
header = {'authority': 'developer.clashofclans.com',
'method': 'POST',
'path': '/api/login',
'scheme': 'https',
'accept': '*/*',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'accept-language': 'en-IN,en-US;q=0.9,en;q=0.8',
'content-length': '57',
'content-type': 'application/json',
'cookie': 'cookieconsent_status=dismiss',
'origin': 'https://developer.clashofclans.com',
'referer': 'https://developer.clashofclans.com/',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/71.0.3578.98 Safari/537.36',
'x-requested-with': 'XMLHttpRequest'}
login_data = dict(email=e,password=p)
x = c.post(url,data=login_data,headers=header)
print(x)
some website expected the data as json format. in requests you can easly do this by using json params, so your code will be something like this:
python
x = c.post(url, json=login_data, headers=header)

Why this simple POST request not working in Python Scrapy whereas it works with simple request.post()

I have simplest POST request code
import requests
headers = {
'origin': 'https://jet.com',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'x-csrf-token': 'IzaENk9W-Xzv9I5NcCJtIf9h_nT24p5fU-Tk',
'jet-referer': '/product/detail/87e89b3ce17f4742ab6d72aeaaa5480d?gclid=CPzS982CgdMCFcS1wAodABwIOQ',
'x-requested-with': 'XMLHttpRequest',
'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.8',
'cookie': 'akacd_phased_release=3673158615~rv=53~id=041cdc832c1ee67c7be18df3f637ad43; jet.csrf=_JKKPyR5fKD-cPDGmGv8AJk5; jid=7292a61d-af8f-4d6f-a339-7f62afead9a0; jet-phaser=%7B%22experiments%22%3A%5B%7B%22variant%22%3A%22a%22%2C%22version%22%3A1%2C%22id%22%3A%22a_a_test16%22%7D%2C%7B%22variant%22%3A%22slp_categories%22%2C%22version%22%3A1%2C%22id%22%3A%22slp_categories%22%7D%2C%7B%22variant%22%3A%22on_cat_nav_clicked%22%2C%22version%22%3A1%2C%22id%22%3A%22catnav_load%22%7D%2C%7B%22variant%22%3A%22zipcode_table%22%2C%22version%22%3A1%2C%22id%22%3A%22zipcode_table%22%7D%5D%2C%22id%22%3A%222982c0e7-287e-42bb-8858-564332ada868%22%7D; ak_bmsc=746D16A88CE3AE7088B0CD38DB850B694F8C5E56B1650000DAA82659A1D56252~plJIR8hXtAZjTSjYEr3IIpW0tW+u0nQ9IrXdfV5GjSfmXed7+tD65YJOVp5Vg0vdSqkzseD0yUZUQkGErBjGxwmozzj5VjhJks1AYDABrb2mFO6QqZyObX99GucJA834gIYo6/8QDIhWMK1uFvgOZrFa3SogxRuT5MBtC8QBA1YPOlK37Ecu1WRsE2nh55E24F0mFDx5hXcfBAhWdMne6NrQ88JE9ZDxjW5n8qsh+QAHo=; _sdsat_landing_page=https://jet.com/product/detail/87e89b3ce17f4742ab6d72aeaaa5480d?gclid=CPzS982CgdMCFcS1wAodABwIOQ|1495705823651; _sdsat_session_count=1; AMCVS_A7EE579F557F617B7F000101%40AdobeOrg=1; AMCV_A7EE579F557F617B7F000101%40AdobeOrg=-227196251%7CMCIDTS%7C17312%7CMCMID%7C11996417004070294145733272597342763775%7CMCAID%7CNONE%7CMCAAMLH-1496310624%7C3%7CMCAAMB-1496310625%7Chmk_Lq6TPIBMW925SPhw3Q%7CMCOPTOUT-1495713041s%7CNONE; __qca=P0-949691368-1495705852397; mm_gens=Rollout%20SO123%20-%20PDP%20Grid%20Image%7Ctitle%7Chide%7Cattr%7Chide%7Cprice%7Chide~SO19712%20HP%20Rec%20View%7Clast_viewed%7Cimage-only~SO17648%20-%20PLA%20PDP%7Cdesc%7CDefault%7Cbuybox%7Cmodal%7Cexp_cart%7Chide-cart%7Ctop_caro%7CDefault; jcmp_productSku=882b1010309d48048b8f3151ddccb3cf; _sdsat_all_pages_canary_variants=a_a_test16:a|slp_categories:slp_categories|catnav_load:on_cat_nav_clicked|zipcode_table:zipcode_table; _sdsat_all_pages_native_pay_eligible=No; _uetsid=_uet6ed8c6ab; _tq_id.TV-098163-1.3372=ef52068e069c26b9.1495705843.0.1495705884..; _ga=GA1.2.789964406.1495705830; _gid=GA1.2.1682210002.1495705884; s_cc=true; __pr.NaN=6jvgorz8tb; mm-so17648=gen; __pr.11xw=xqez1m3cvl; _sdsat_all_pages_login_status=logged-out; _sdsat_jid_cookie=7292a61d-af8f-4d6f-a339-7f62afead9a0; _sdsat_phaser_id=2982c0e7-287e-42bb-8858-564332ada868; _sdsat_all_pages_jet_platform=desktop; _sdsat_all_pages_site_version=3.860.1495036770896|2017-05-16 20:35:36 UTC; _sdsat_all_pages_canary_variants_2=a_a_test16:a~slp_categories:slp_categories~catnav_load:on_cat_nav_clicked~zipcode_table:zipcode_table; jet=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.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.6OEM9e9fTyUZdFGju19da4rEnFh8kPyg8wENmKyhYgc; bm_sv=360FA6B793BB42A17F395D08A2D90484~BLAlpOUET7ALPzcGziB9dbZNvjFjG3XLQPFGCRTk+2bnO/ivK7G+kOe1WXpHgIFmyZhniWIzp2MpGel1xHNmiYg0QOLNqourdIffulr2J9tzacGPmXXhD6ieNGp9PAeTqVMi+2kSccO1+JzO+CaGFw==; s_tps=30; s_pvs=173; mmapi.p.pd=%221759837076%7CDwAAAApVAgDxP2Qu1Q4AARAAAUJz0Q1JAQAmoW6kU6PUSKeaIXVTo9RIAAAAAP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FAAZEaXJlY3QB1Q4BAAAAAAAAAAAAt8wAAH0vAQC3zAAABQDZlQAAAmpAfP%2FVDgD%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FAdUO1Q7%2F%2FwYAAAEAAAAAAc9dAQCNFgIAADyXAABuDVKACdUOAP%2F%2F%2F%2F8B1Q7VDv%2F%2FCgAAAQAAAAABs2ABANweAgAAiY0AAMCzlXtx1Q4A%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwHVDtUO%2F%2F8GAAABAAAAAAORSwEATPoBAJJLAQBO%2BgEAk0sBAFD6AQABt8wAAAYAAADYlQAAHMPK3ZbVDgD%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FAdUO1Q7%2F%2FwYAAAEAAAAAAc5dAQCJFgIAAbfMAAAGAAAAmpgAAFAf9YUU1Q4A%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwHVDtUO%2F%2F8EAAABAAAAAAR0YwEA1R4CAHVjAQDWHgIAdmMBANgeAgB3YwEA2x4CAAG3zAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAUU%3D%22; mmapi.p.srv=%22fravwcgus04%22; mmapi.e.PLA=%22true%22; mmapi.p.uat=%7B%22PLATraffic%22%3A%22true%22%7D; _sdsat_lt_pages_viewed=6; _sdsat_pages_viewed=6; _sdsat_traffic_source=',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36',
'content-type': 'application/json',
'accept': 'application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01',
'referer': 'https://jet.com/product/detail/87e89b3ce17f4742ab6d72aeaaa5480d?gclid=CPzS982CgdMCFcS1wAodABwIOQ',
'authority': 'jet.com',
'dnt': '1',
}
data = '{"zipcode":"21061","sku":"87e89b3ce17f4742ab6d72aeaaa5480d","origination":"PDP"}'
r=requests.post('https://jet.com/api/product/v2', headers=headers, data=data)
print(r)
It returns 200
And I want to convert this simple request to Python Request.
body = '{"zipcode":"21061","sku":"87e89b3ce17f4742ab6d72aeaaa5480d","origination":"PDP"}'
yield Request(url = 'https://jet.com/api/product/v2', callback=self.parse_jet_page, meta={'data':data}, method="POST", body=body, headers=self.jet_headers)
it returns 400, looks like headers are being over-written or something. Or is there bug?
I guess the error is caused by cookies.
By default, the "cookie" entry in your HTTP headers shall be overriden by a built-in downloader middleware CookiesMiddleware. Scrapy expects a user to use Request.cookies for passing cookies.
If you do need to pass cookies directly in Request.headers (instead of using Request.cookies), you'll need to disable the built-in CookiesMiddleware. You may simply set COOKIES_ENABLED=False in settings.

requests.post to hastebin.com not working

I'm trying to use the requests module from python to make a post in http://hastebin.com/
but I've been failing and doesn't know what to do anymore. is there any way I can really make a post on the site? here my current code:
import requests
payload = "s2345"
headers = {
'Host': 'hastebin.com',
'Connection': 'keep-alive',
'Content-Length': '5',
'Accept': 'application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01',
'Origin': 'http://hastebin.com',
'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/44.0.2403.130 Safari/537.36',
'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
'Referer': 'http://hastebin.com/',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
'Accept-Language': 'en-US,en;q=0.8'
}
req = requests.post('http://hastebin.com/',headers = headers, params=payload)
print (req.json())
Looking over the provided haste client code the server expects a raw post of the file, without a specific content type. The client also posts to the /documents path, not the root URL.
They are also not being picky about headers, just leave those all to requests to set; the following works for me and creates a new document on the site:
import requests
payload = "s2345"
response = requests.post('http://hastebin.com/documents', data=payload)
if response.status_code == 200:
print(response.json()['key'])
Note that I used data here, not the params option which sets the URL query paramaters.

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