I have been building a flashcard app and have run into a roadblock while trying to implement a radiobutton. The issue is when run the menu shows up and your able to access the lesson, but the radiobuttons do not appear. Whenever the code is run this error shows up TypeError: string indices must be integers attached to the radiobutton functionbalancing_radio_butto1 = Radiobutton(balancing_frame, text = balancing[answer_list[0]], variable=balancing_radio, value = 1) if someone could explain the why this error shows up as well as how to fix it it would be much appreciated. Below is my code that I have so far.
from tkinter import *
from PIL import ImageTk, Image
from random import branding
import random
root = Tk()
root.title('Chemistry Flashcards')
root.geometry("500x500")
def balancing():
balancing_frame.pack(fill="both", expand=1)
global show_balancing
show_balancing = Label(balancing_frame)
show_balancing.pack(pady=15)
global balancing
balancing = ['balanced1', 'balanced2', 'balanced3', 'balanced4', 'balanced5', 'unbalanced1', 'unbalanced2', 'unbalanced3', 'unbalanced4', 'unbalanced5']
global balancing_state
balancing_state = {
'balanced1':'balanced',
'balanced2':'balanced',
'balanced3':'balanced',
'balanced4':'balanced',
'balanced5':'balanced',
'unbalanced1':'unbalanced',
'unbalanced2':'unbalanced',
'unbalanced3':'unbalanced',
'unbalanced4':'unbalanced',
'unbalanced5':'unbalanced',
}
answer_list = []
count = 1
while count < 3:
rando = randint(0, len(balancing_state)-1)
if count == 1:
answer = balancing[rando]
global balancing_image
balancing = "C:/Users/Kisitu/Desktop/project/balancing/" + balancing[rando] + ".png"
balancing_image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.open(balancing))
show_balancing.config(image=balancing_image)
answer_list.append(balancing[rando])
'''random.shuffle(balancing)'''
count += 1
random.shuffle(answer_list)
global balancing_radio
balancing_radio = IntVar()
balancing_radio_butto1 = Radiobutton(balancing_frame, text = balancing[answer_list[0]], variable=balancing_radio, value = 1)
balancing_radio_butto1.pack(pady=10)
balancing_radio_butto2 = Radiobutton(balancing_frame, text = balancing[answer_list[1]], variable=balancing_radio, value = 2).pack()
my_menu = Menu(root)
root.config(menu=my_menu, bg='#B7F7BB')
lesson_menu = Menu(my_menu)
my_menu.add_cascade(label="Lesson", menu=lesson_menu)
lesson_menu.add_command(label="balancing", command=balancing)
lesson_menu.add_separator()
lesson_menu.add_command(label="Exit", command=root.quit)
balancing_frame = Frame(root, width=500, height=500, )
root.mainloop()
... text = balancing[answer_list[0]] ...
balancing is a list, you are trying to index a value from the list.
you are passing answer_list[0] as index.
answer_list contains random strings from balancing.
you are trying to index a list with a string like in
balancing["balanced2"]
maybe you could use a dictionary?
Guys I am creating an app,and need pagination in the shape of NEXT and PREVIOUS e.g
listt1 = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10,11,12], [13,14,15], [16,17,18]]
list2=[]
next = ""
prev = ""
def show_list():
if next == "clicked":
for i in listt1[0 : 1]:
show.insert(END, i)
listt2.append(i)
listt1.del(i)
if prev == "clicked":
for n in listt2[0 : 1]:
show.insert(END, n)
def prev_btn():
prev = 'clicked'
show_list()
def next_btn():
next = 'clicked'
show_list()
btn1 = tk.Button(win, text='next',command=next_btn)
btn1.pack(side='left')
btn2 = tk.Button(win, text='prev',command=prev_btn)
btn2.pack=(side='left')
show = tk.Entry(win, width=6)
show.pack(side'bottom')
win = Tk()
win.title("clickers")
win.mainloop()
#OUTPUT FOR BUTTON(NEXT) ON EACH CLICK SHOULD BE
1,2,3 and 4,5,6
7,8,9 and 10,11,12
13,14,15 and 16,17,18
#OUTPUT FOR BUTTON(PREV) ON EACH CLICK SHOULD BE
7,8,9 and 10,11,12
1,2,3 and 4,5,6
I want it just the way it works on a website,please guys I know this is easy,and a basic knowledge of handling a list and loop will do,this i do but can't seem to get around this one.
Guys also need help with this
(1) i need a working code for uploading an image into my database,retrieving and displaying and resizing this to a really small size
(2) can a tkinter app page be printed just like in a website, probably need a code for this too
(3 ) i won't mind a link to a really beautiful looking tkinter app video too,as making one myself looks a bit ugly
thank you all in advance guys
Here's a simple example based on your code that paginates through a list and shows the items in the Entry box.
import tkinter as tk
import math
items = [str(n) for n in range(100)]
page = 0
per_page = 5
n_pages = math.ceil(len(items) / per_page)
def update_list():
print(page)
start_index = int(page * per_page)
end_index = int((page + 1) * per_page)
items_in_page = items[start_index:end_index]
view_text = "Page %d/%d: %s" % (page + 1, n_pages, ", ".join(items_in_page))
show.delete(0, tk.END)
show.insert(0, view_text)
def change_page(delta):
global page
page = min(n_pages - 1, max(0, page + delta))
update_list()
def prev_btn():
change_page(-1)
def next_btn():
change_page(+1)
win = tk.Tk()
win.title("clickers")
tk.Button(win, text="next", command=next_btn).pack()
tk.Button(win, text="prev", command=prev_btn).pack()
show = tk.Entry(win)
show.pack()
update_list() # to initialize `show`
win.mainloop()
I want to validate two tkinter entries. One called minimum and the other called maximum. Of course, I want to make sure that minimum does not exceed maximum. And there is a third entry called increment which has to be lesser than maximum. There are a set of 15 such entries which I am trying to validate.
I have tried using for loop and tracing the textvariable of each entry. But inside the for loop, I am able to validate only a single entry box. Also, when I skip the validation for that specific one entry called the txtCab, it throws the following exception: If I do it for all the widgets, it does work, but fails some times.
Exception in Tkinter callback
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\beejb\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37-32\lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 1705, in __call__
return self.func(*args)
File "C:\PROSAIL_5B_Fortran\PROSAIL_5B_FORTRAN\PROSAIL.py", line 191, in min_max
minVar = eval("self.txtVar_"+ str(wid)+ "_min.get()")
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'self' is not defined
The validation function I have used is:
def min_max(*args):
alltextFields = ["N","Cab","Car","Cw","Cm","Cbrown", "rsoil0","LIDFa","LIDFb","TypeLIDF","LAI","hspot","tts","tto","psi" ]
for wid in alltextFields:
if eval("self." + wid + "_variable.get()"):
minVar = eval("self.txtVar_"+ str(wid)+ "_min.get()")
maxVar = eval("self.txtVar_"+ str(wid) + "_max.get()")
rangeVar = eval("self.txtVar_"+ str(wid) + "_range.get()")
##
## print((minVar))
## print((maxVar))
## print((rangeVar))
if len(minVar) > 0 and len(maxVar):
if (minVar) > (maxVar):
messagebox.showinfo("Input Error", "Minimum should not be greater than maximum")
if len(rangeVar) > 0 and len(maxVar) > 0:
if (rangeVar) > (maxVar) :
messagebox.showinfo("Input Error", "Increment cannot exceed maximum limit")
## print(self.txtVar_Cab_min.get()); print(self.txtVar_Cab_max.get());
## print(self.txtVar_N_min.get()); print(self.txtVar_N_max.get());
if len(self.txtVar_Cab_min.get()) > 0 and len(self.txtVar_Cab_max.get()) > 0 and len(self.txtVar_Cab_range.get()) > 0:
if (self.txtVar_Cab_min.get()) > (self.txtVar_Cab_max.get()):
messagebox.showinfo("Input Data Error", "Minimum should not be greater than maximum!!")
if (self.txtVar_Cab_range.get()) > (self.txtVar_Cab_max.get()):
messagebox.showinfo("Error", "Increment cannot exceed maximum!!")
Another validation function I have tried is:
def validateMRM(self,value, text,W):
vMin,vMax,vRange;
entry = self.controller.nametowidget(W)
print(entry)
if entry == self.txt_N_min:
print(entry.get())
print(self.txtVar_N_max.get())
print(self.txtVar_N_range.get())
alltextFields = ["txt_N","txt_Cab","txt_Car","txt_Cab","txt_Cw","txt_Cw","txt_Cm","txt_Cbrown","txt_Cm", "txt_rsoil0",
"txt_LIDFa","txt_LIDFb","txt_TypeLIDF","txt_LAI","txt_hspot","txt_hspot","txt_tts","txt_tto","txt_psi"
]
for wid in alltextFields:
typeOfVar = wid.split("_")
if entry == eval("self.txt_" + str(typeOfVar[1])+ "_min"):
vMin = eval("self.txtVar_" + str(typeOfVar[1])+ "_min.get()")
print(eval("self.txtVar_" + str(typeOfVar[1])+ "_min.get()"))
vMax = eval("self.txtVar_" + str(typeOfVar[1])+ "_max.get()")
print(eval("self.txtVar_" + str(typeOfVar[1])+ "_max.get()"))
vRange = eval("self.txtVar_" + str(typeOfVar[1])+ "_range.get()")
print(eval("self.txtVar_" + str(typeOfVar[1])+ "_range.get()"))
print(vMin); print(vMax); print(vRange)
if len(vMin) > 0 and len(vMax) > 0 and len(vRange) > 0:
if (vMin) > (vMax):
messagebox.showinfo("Error", "Minimum cannot be greater than maximum")
if (vRange) > (vMax) :
messagebox.showinfo("Error", "Increment cannot exceed the maximum limit")
print(len(entry.get()))
if len(entry.get())>2:
And here is how all the entries are created:
self.lbl_N = tk.Label(self,text="Structure Coefficient(N)",anchor="w",width=40,bg='white'); self.lbl_N.grid(row=3,column=4,padx=4,pady=4);
self.N_variable = tk.BooleanVar()
self.chk_N = tk.Checkbutton(self,variable=self.N_variable, command=lambda:self.show_hide()); self.chk_N.grid(row=3,column=6,padx=4,pady=4);
self.txt_N = tk.Entry(self,width=10,validate = 'key', validatecommand = vcmd); self.txt_N.grid(row=3,column=7,padx=4,pady=4);
self.txtVar_N_min = tk.StringVar(); self.txtVar_N_max = tk.StringVar(); self.txtVar_N_range = tk.StringVar();
self.txtVar_N_min.trace("w", min_max); self.txtVar_N_max.trace("w", min_max); self.txtVar_N_range.trace("w", min_max);
self.txt_N_min = tk.Entry(self,width=5,validate = 'key',textvariable=self.txtVar_N_min, validatecommand = vcmd_min_max);
self.txt_N_max = tk.Entry(self,width=5,validate = 'key', textvariable=self.txtVar_N_max,validatecommand = vcmd_min_max);
self.txt_N_range = tk.Entry(self,width=5,validate = 'key', textvariable=self.txtVar_N_range,validatecommand = vcmd_min_max);
There are a set of fourteen such entries and I need to validate each of them.
But none of this gives the actual output I want. It works some time and fails some other times.
I am not sure why is that happening and I have spent a hell of time with this validation.
I'm not sure whether this answers your question but it should point you in the right direction.
I couldn't make much sense of your code. I've produced a 15 row x 4 column grid.
The 4th column is a message that the 3 fields next to it are 'OK' or if not indicate the problem. The validation is run on the whole grid for each keypress. If this is too slow a validate button could launch the validation instead.
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
def rec(): return {'lo': 0, 'hi': 0, 'step': 0, 'ok': '' }
root = tk.Tk()
root.title('SO Question')
def entry(id, ent_dict, var_dict, v=0):
""" Add an Entry Widget to the root, with associated StringVar."""
var_dict[id] = tk.StringVar()
var_dict[id].set(str(v))
ent_dict[id] = ttk.Entry(root, textvariable= var_dict[id], width = 10 )
return ent_dict[id]
def do_validate(lo, hi, step):
""" Return OK if lo, hi and step are consistent else an error string. """
if lo < hi and step < hi: return 'OK'
txt = ''
if lo >= hi:
txt = 'lo >= hi. '
if step >= hi:
txt += 'step >= hi.'
return txt
def conv(txt):
""" Convert text to float. Return 0.0 if not valid float e.g "" or 'a' """
try:
return float(txt)
except ValueError:
return 0.0
def oklabel(ent_dict, var_dict):
""" Add an OK Label to a row. """
lo = conv(var_dict['lo'].get())
hi = conv(var_dict['hi'].get())
step = conv(var_dict['step'].get())
var_dict['ok'] = tk.StringVar()
var_dict['ok'].set(do_validate(lo, hi, step))
ent_dict['ok'] = ttk.Label(root, textvariable = var_dict['ok'], width = -17)
return ent_dict['ok'] # Return the Label object for gridding.
def do_check(*args):
""" Loop through the rows setting the validation string in each one. """
for var_dict in stringvars:
lo = conv(var_dict['lo'].get())
hi = conv(var_dict['hi'].get())
step = conv(var_dict['step'].get())
var_dict['ok'].set(do_validate(lo, hi, step))
# Add column labels
ttk.Label(root, text='Minimums').grid(row=0, column=0)
ttk.Label(root, text =' Maximums').grid(row=0, column=1)
ttk.Label(root, text='Increment').grid(row=0, column=2)
ttk.Label(root, text='Valid').grid(row=0, column=3)
# Create containers for he Entries and Stringvars
entries =[]
stringvars = []
# Add 15 rows of Entries / Validation Labels to the UI.
for row in range(1, 16):
tempe=rec()
tempv=rec()
entry('lo', tempe, tempv, 0).grid(row = row, column=0)
entry('hi', tempe, tempv, 0).grid(row = row, column=1)
entry('step', tempe, tempv, 0).grid(row = row, column=2)
oklabel(tempe, tempv).grid(row = row, column = 3)
entries.append(tempe)
stringvars.append(tempv)
# Bind do_check to all Entry widgets.
root.bind_class('TEntry', '<KeyPress>', do_check, add='+')
root.bind_class('TEntry', '<BackSpace>', do_check, add='+')
root.bind_class('TEntry', '<Delete>', do_check, add='+')
root.mainloop()
In the past I've got stuck trying to validate multiple fields by not allowing inconsistent entries. It is difficult for users to follow what is required to correct fields. They have to work in the correct order. e.g. lo = 100, hi = 9, and step = 1. Should the UI allow the last zero in 100 to be deleted, leaving 10 which is gt 9?
This could be extended to activate a 'Next' button only if all rows are OK.
Edit 1 - Response to Comment
This has a function to create and activate each row of the display. Each row has it's own variables and checking function. They are triggered by the trace on the three Entry StringVars, there's no need to use validate.
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
def to_float(txt):
""" Safely convert any string to a float. Invalid strings return 0.0 """
try:
return float(txt)
except ValueError:
return 0.0
def row_n( parent, n, init_show = 0 ):
""" Create one row of the display. """
# tk.Variables
v_show = tk.IntVar()
v_min = tk.StringVar()
v_max = tk.StringVar()
v_incr = tk.StringVar()
v_message = tk.StringVar()
# Initialise variables
v_min.set('0')
v_max.set('1')
v_incr.set('1') # Can the increment be zero?
v_show.set(init_show)
v_message.set("OK")
def do_trace(*args):
""" Runs every time any of the three Entries change value.
Sets the message to the appropriate text.
"""
lo = to_float(v_min.get())
hi = to_float(v_max.get())
inc = to_float(v_incr.get())
if lo < hi and inc <=hi:
v_message.set('OK')
else:
txt = ''
if lo >= hi:
txt += 'Min >= Max'
if inc > hi:
if len(txt): txt += ' & '
txt += 'Incr > Max'
v_message.set(txt)
# Set trace callback for changes to the three StringVars
v_min.trace('w', do_trace)
v_max.trace('w', do_trace)
v_incr.trace('w', do_trace)
def activation(*args):
""" Runs when the tickbox changes state """
if v_show.get():
e_min.grid(row = n, column = 1)
e_max.grid(row = n, column = 2)
e_inc.grid(row = n, column = 3)
message.grid(row = n, column = 4)
else:
e_min.grid_remove()
e_max.grid_remove()
e_inc.grid_remove()
message.grid_remove()
tk.Checkbutton(parent,
text = 'Structure Coefficient {} :'.format(n),
variable = v_show, command = activation ).grid(row = n, column = 0)
e_min = tk.Entry(parent, width=5, textvariable = v_min)
e_max =tk.Entry(parent, width=5, textvariable = v_max)
e_inc = tk.Entry(parent, width=5, textvariable = v_incr)
message = tk.Label(parent, width=-15, textvariable = v_message)
activation()
return { 'Min': v_min, 'Max': v_max, 'Inc': v_incr }
def show_results():
print('Min Max Inc')
for row in rows:
res = '{} {} {}'.format(row['Min'].get(), row['Max'].get(), row['Inc'].get())
print( res )
root = tk.Tk()
root.title('SO Question')
ttk.Label(root, text='Minimums').grid(row=0, column=1)
ttk.Label(root, text =' Maximums').grid(row=0, column=2)
ttk.Label(root, text='Step', width = 5 ).grid(row=0, column=3)
ttk.Label(root, text='Valid', width = 15 ).grid(row=0, column=4)
rows = []
for r in range(1,16):
rows.append(row_n(root, r, init_show=r%3 == 0 ))
tk.Button(root, command=show_results, text = ' Show Results ').grid(column=1, pady = 5)
root.mainloop()
This is another approach. Does this help.
Here's another suggestion. Incorporate the Label and Entry in the row-n function. Include activating / disabling the Entry in the activate function. The row_n function is executed in a loop through a list of the descriptions you want.
import tkinter as tk
row_names = [ "Structure Coefficient(N)", "Chlorophyll Content(Cab) (µg.cm-2)",
"Carotenoid content(Car) (µg.cm-2)", "Brown pigment content(Cbrown)(arbitrary units)"]
def row_n(parent, desc, n, init_show = 0 ):
""" Create one row of the display. """
# tk.Variables
v_show = tk.IntVar()
v_min = tk.StringVar()
v_max = tk.StringVar()
v_incr = tk.StringVar()
v_fixed = tk.StringVar() # New StringVar
v_message = tk.StringVar()
v_show.set(init_show)
v_message.set("OK")
def do_trace(*args):
""" Runs every time any of the three Entries change value.
Sets the message to the appropriate text.
"""
lo = to_float(v_min.get())
hi = to_float(v_max.get())
inc = to_float(v_incr.get())
if lo < hi and inc <=hi:
v_message.set('OK')
else:
txt = ''
if lo >= hi:
txt += 'Min >= Max'
if inc > hi:
if len(txt): txt += ' & '
txt += 'Incr > Max'
v_message.set(txt)
# Set trace callback for changes to the three StringVars
v_min.trace('w', do_trace)
v_max.trace('w', do_trace)
v_incr.trace('w', do_trace)
def activation(*args):
""" Runs when the tickbox changes state """
if v_show.get():
e_min.grid(row = n, column = 8)
e_max.grid(row = n, column = 9)
e_inc.grid(row = n, column = 10)
message.grid(row = n, column = 11)
e_fixed.config(state = 'disabled') # Disable the base Entry
else:
e_min.grid_remove()
e_max.grid_remove()
e_inc.grid_remove()
message.grid_remove()
e_fixed.config(state = 'normal') # Enable the base Entry Widget
tk.Label(parent, text = desc ).grid(row = r+1, column = 4 ) # Add the desc. Label
e_fixed = tk.Entry(parent, textvariable = v_fixed) # Add the new Entry widget
e_fixed.grid(row = r+1, column = 5)
tk.Checkbutton(parent,
text = ' '.format(n),
variable = v_show, command = activation ).grid(row = n, column = 6)
e_min = tk.Entry(parent, width=5, textvariable = v_min)
e_min.config(font=('Candara', 15))
e_max =tk.Entry(parent, width=5, textvariable = v_max)
e_max.config(font=('Candara', 15))
e_inc = tk.Entry(parent, width=5, textvariable = v_incr)
e_inc.config(font=('Candara', 15))
message = tk.Label(parent, width=-15, textvariable = v_message)
message.config(font=('Candara', 15))
activation()
return { 'Min': v_min, 'Max': v_max, 'Inc': v_incr, 'Fixed': v_fixed }
# The 'Fixed' field added to the dictionary to return
def print_row(row):
fmt = 'Min: {}, Max: {}, Inc: {}, Fixed: {}'
print(fmt.format(
row['Min'].get(), row['Max'].get(), row['Inc'].get(), row['Fixed'].get()
))
def to_float(txt):
""" Safely convert any string to a float. Invalid strings return 0.0 """
try:
return float(txt)
except ValueError:
return 0.0
# GUI Start
root = tk.Tk()
root.title('Validation wth Trace')
# Header Labels
tk.Label(root,text="Min").grid(row=0,column=8,padx=4,pady=4)
tk.Label(root,text="Max").grid(row=0,column=9,padx=4,pady=4)
tk.Label(root,text="Inc").grid(row=0,column=10,padx=4,pady=4)
# Body of rows
rows = []
for r, r_text in enumerate(row_names):
rows.append(row_n( root, r_text, r+1))
root.mainloop()
print("Strings in the Entry fields")
for r, row in enumerate(rows):
print('Row: ', r, 'Data:', end=' ')
print_row(row)
HTH. Seeing your code in the inked question you may prefer to make row_n a class.
Please Help me. I'm running a simple python program that will display the data from mySQL database in a tkinter form...
from Tkinter import *
import MySQLdb
def button_click():
root.destroy()
root = Tk()
root.geometry("600x500+10+10")
root.title("Ariba")
myContainer = Frame(root)
myContainer.pack(side=TOP, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
db = MySQLdb.connect ("localhost","root","","chocoholics")
s = "Select * from member"
cursor = db.cursor()
cursor.execute(s)
rows = cursor.fetchall()
x = rows[1][1] + " " + rows[1][2]
myLabel1 = Label(myContainer, text = x)
y = rows[2][1] + " " + rows[2][2]
myLabel2 = Label(myContainer, text = y)
btn = Button(myContainer, text = "Quit", command=button_click, height=1, width=6)
myLabel1.pack(side=TOP, expand=NO, fill=BOTH)
myLabel2.pack(side=TOP, expand=NO, fill=BOTH)
btn.pack(side=TOP, expand=YES, fill=NONE)
Thats the whole program....
The error was
x = rows[1][1] + " " + rows[1][2]
IndexError: tuple index out of range
y = rows[2][1] + " " + rows[2][2]
IndexError: tuple index out of range
Can anyone help me??? im new in python.
Thank you so much....
Probably one of the indices is wrong, either the inner one or the outer one.
I suspect you meant to say [0] where you said [1], and [1] where you said [2]. Indices are 0-based in Python.
A tuple consists of a number of values separated by commas. like
>>> t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'
>>> t[0]
12345
tuple are index based (and also immutable) in Python.
Here in this case x = rows[1][1] + " " + rows[1][2] have only two index 0, 1 available but you are trying to access the 3rd index.
This is because your row variable/tuple does not contain any value for that index. You can try printing the whole list like print(row) and check how many indexes there exists.
I received the same error with
query = "INSERT INTO table(field1, field2,...) VALUES (%s,%s,...)"
but in the statement
cursor.execute(query, (field1, field2,..)
I had delivered less variables as necessary...
In this case I used
import mysql.connector as mysql
I just wanted to say that this is also possible...not only in arrays
(I didn't have a very close look at this specific case...)