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Rendering cube with pyopengl using tkinter frame

Am trying to render cube with tkinter frame opengl.
But I don't know where the problem lies the cube didn't show expect 2 lines.
Check my code
Pls can you help me write the code and do you have any PDF to teach me opengl I can't find much resources online
import tkinter as tk
from OpenGL.GL import *
from pyopengltk import
OpenGLFrame
cubeVertices =
((1,1,1),(1,1,-1),
(1,-1,-1),(1,-1,1),.
(-1,1,1),(-1,-1,-1),
(-1,-1,1),(-1,1,-1))
cubeEdges = ((0,1),.
(0,3),(0,4),(1,2),.
(1,7),(2,5),(2,3),.
(3,6),(4,6),(4,7),.
(5,6),(5,7))
classframe(OpenGLFrame):
def initgl(self):
glViewport(0,0,250,250)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
glOrtho(0,self.width,self.height,0,-1,1)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()
def redraw(self):
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glLoadIdentity()
glPushMatrix()
glRotatef(90,0.0,1.0,0.0)
glBegin(GL_LINES)
glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0)
for cubeEdge in cubeEdges:
for cubeVertex in cubeEdge:
glVertex3fv(cubeVertices[cubeVertex])
glEnd()
glPopMatrix()
root = tk.Tk()
app = frame(root,width=900, height=600)
app.pack(
fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)
app.mainloop()

You have to change the projection matrix. Since the cube has a dimension of 2x2x2 and the projection is an orthographic projection in window space, the cube will cover just 4 pixels in the window.
Change the view space and increase the distance to the near and far plane. Note, the geometry has to be in between the near and far plane, else the geometry will be clipped. For instance:
glOrtho(-10, 10, -10, 10, -10, 10)
Anyway I recommend to use Perspective projection. The projection matrix defines a 3 dimensional space (clip space) which is projected on the 2 dimensional viewport. At Perspective projection, this space is a frustum (Viewing frustum). The matrix can be set by gluPerspective. For instance:
classframe(OpenGLFrame):
def initgl(self):
glViewport(0,0,250,250)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
# glOrtho(-10, 10, -10, 10, -10, 10)
gluPerspective(90, self.width/self.height, 0.1, 10.0)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()
The value for the near plane and the far plane have to be greater than 0.0 and the far plane has to be greater then the near plane 0 < near < far. In the above example the near plane is 0.1 and the far plane 10. When you draw the geometry, the you have to ensure, that the geometry is in between then near and the far plane (in clip space respectively in the viewing volume), else the geometry is clipped.
Use gluLookAt to define a view matrix with a point of view (0, -3, 0) that has a certain distance to the origin of the world (0, 0, 0):
classframe(OpenGLFrame):
# [...]
def redraw(self):
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
# define view matrix
glLoadIdentity()
gluLookAt(0, -3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1)
glPushMatrix()
glRotatef(90,0.0,1.0,0.0)
glBegin(GL_LINES)
glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0)
for cubeEdge in cubeEdges:
for cubeVertex in cubeEdge:
glVertex3fv(cubeVertices[cubeVertex])
glEnd()
glPopMatrix()
What exactly are eye space coordinates?

pyOpenGL Far Faces Render over Close Ones

So I have a problem I have been chasing for a couple days now and I can't find anything to help. I just started to try and learn pyOpenGL and have quickly run into this issue. I hope I have included enough info, thanks for any and all help.
The Issue:
When I draw a cube it seems that some of the faces in the back are rendering over the faces in the front. This doesn't make sense to me as the back faces should be further away and would appear behind the front faces. I have a short video of the issue below. I should mention that this problem appeared to occur in the tutorial that I was following but wasn't mentioned or fixed. As I said I am a beginner at this and any help would be appreciated.
Problem Video: https://media.giphy.com/media/OT6SrDbj5NopQpD8Pt/giphy.gif
(Cube is rotating left to right)
Setup:
I am running this on Ubuntu Linux using python 2.7.15 and pyOpenGL 3.1.0 and pygame 1.9.4
Source Code:
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *
colors=(
(255, 0, 0), #Red
(0, 255, 0), #Green
(0, 0, 255), #Blue
)
verts = (
(1.0, -1.0, -1.0),
(1.0, -1.0, 1.0),
(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0),
(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0),
(1.0, 1.0, -1.0),
(1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0)
)
surfaces = (
(0, 1, 2, 3),
(4, 7, 6, 5),
(0, 4, 5, 1),
(1, 5, 6, 2),
(2, 6, 7, 3),
(4, 0, 3, 7)
)
def cube_obj(faces, vertices):
glBegin(GL_QUADS)
x = 0
for face in faces:
glColor3fv(colors[x])
x += 1
if x > 2:
x = 0
for vertex in face:
glVertex3fv(vertices[vertex])
glEnd()
def main():
pygame.init()
display = (800, 600)
pygame.display.set_mode(display, DOUBLEBUF|OPENGL)
gluPerspective(75, (display[0]/display[1]), 0.1, 50.0)
glTranslatef(-0.0, 0.0, -10.0)
glClearColor(1, 1, 1, 1)
while True:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
pygame.quit()
quit()
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
cube_obj(surfaces, verts)
glRotatef(.5, 0, 1, 0)
pygame.display.flip()
pygame.time.wait(10)
main()

You've to enable the Depth Test. The depth plane enables an test before a fragment is drawn. If the fragment doesn't pass the test ti is discarded. The default depth function (glDepthFunc) is GL_LESS. This causes that a fragment is discarded if a fragment was draw on the same place before, which has a depth which is greater or equal the depth of the new fragment. The depth is stored in the depth buffer.
To make the depth test work, you've to do 2 things:
Enable it and set the proper depth function, at the initialization of the OpenGL states:
glDepthFunc(GL_LESS) # this is default
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
And beside the color plane, the depth plane has to be cleared too, in each frame, by (glClear) (This part you've done already):
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)

Drawing in OpenGL is always white

I'm trying to draw some simple triangles in OpenGL.
The problem is that my triangle is always white, wheras I put some color with the glColor3f function:
def OnDraw(self):
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glClearColor(.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0)
glBegin (GL_TRIANGLES)
glColor3f (1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
glVertex2f (0.25, 0.25)
glColor3f (0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
glVertex2f (0.12, 0.25)
glColor3f (0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
glVertex2f (0.25, 0.4)
glEnd()
and here is my initialization:
def InitGL(self):
# set viewing projection
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glFrustum(-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0)
# position viewer
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -2.0)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING)
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0)
Any idea?

With lighting enabled vertex colors are no longer considered for the calculations. Instead you have to set material properties. However vertex colors are quite convenient so there's a method to use vertex colors to set material properties.
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE);
However note that for lighting to work you must provide vertex normals otherwise things will look strange. It might be best to disable lighting for the time being.
On a different note: Please stop using old and dusted immediate mode, fixed function pipeline OpenGL. Instead learn about modern OpenGL. I recommend http://arcsynthesis.org/gltut for a start.

I solved the problem my removing:
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING)
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0)
Can somebody explained me why is it working now?

Render to texture - level of detail

I've got a problem with my render to texture process. When I render the scene with width = height = 512 it has nearly no errors but the smaller the texture and scene gets, the more errors it gets.
The error is that regions of the texture are black, what makes no sense.
Here are some screenshots
512*512: http://www.ld-host.de/uploads/images/d9452fa0ba28494830fd96f0f15b9eba.png
128*128: http://www.ld-host.de/uploads/images/a39c141282a622f086d4a96b070a56a3.png
Here is my code how I render to texture and use the texture later
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()
gluLookAt(0,0,200,0,0,-1,0,1,0)
self.fbos = glGenFramebuffersEXT(1)
glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, self.fbos)
self.depthbuffers = (glGenRenderbuffersEXT(1)
glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, self.depthbuffers)
glRenderbufferStorageEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, width, height)
glFramebufferRenderbufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT_EXT, GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, self.depthbuffers)
self.textures = glGenTextures(1)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, self.textures)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, None);
glFramebufferTexture2DEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, self.textures, 0);
glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, self.fbos);
glEnable(GL_CLIP_PLANE0)
glEnable(GL_CLIP_PLANE1)
glClipPlane(GL_CLIP_PLANE0, (0,0,1,-1 * self.start + self.diff))
glClipPlane(GL_CLIP_PLANE1, (0,0,-1,self.start))
# render the mesh
glTranslatef(-64,-64,-64)
glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY) # Enable something in OpenGL
glEnableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY) # Enable something in OpenGL
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,self.vbo[1])
glColorPointer(3,GL_FLOAT,0,None) # Tell OpenGL that it contains only ColorValues
#Now the vertex Buffer with positions
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,self.vbo[0])
glVertexPointer(3,GL_FLOAT,0,None) # Tell OpenGL that it contains the Positions for each Points
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES,0,len(self.verts)+len(self.color)) # Merge both
glDisableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
glDisable(GL_CLIP_PLANE0)
glDisable(GL_CLIP_PLANE1)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0)
glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0);
#Plane for showing texture
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()
gluLookAt(0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0)
glClearColor(1,1,1,0)
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, self.textures)
glBegin(GL_QUADS)
glNormal3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0)
glVertex3f(-1, 1, -1)
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0)
glVertex3f(1, 1, -1)
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0)
glVertex3f(1, -1, -1)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0)
glVertex3f(-1, -1, -1)
glEnd();
glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
pygame.display.flip()
How can I achieve a better quality for the smaller texture? The mesh has no holes but the texture sometimes has.

I don't know what exactly you're expecting to see. You're drawing triangles/cubes/etc that are clearly smaller than the size of a pixel/sample size. Therefore, not all of them are going to be visible.
This is a standard aliasing problem: triangles that don't cover the center of a pixel/sample will not be visible. That's the nature of rasterization. And the only way to fix aliasing is to increase the number of samples you use. You can render at a higher resolution and downscale, or you could use MSAA or another real aliasing technique.

Problem with creating a 2D interface in a 3D openGL world

I am working on a project that requires that I create a 2D interface rendered "on top" or a 3D world. On some other forums, I read that you could use "GluOrtho2D()" for the job, and switch back to GluPerspective() once you were done. The only thing is, my test code I wrote for it only displays the 3D world, not the 2D quad. When I disable the 3D rendering code, however, the quad appears where it was supposed to be.
I trimmed down the code to openGL only statements, which I wrote down below. The code is written in Python using the Pyglet library.
The scene initialization code:
glViewport(0, 0, width, height)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
gluPerspective(60.0, float(width)/height, .1, 10000.)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glClearDepth(1.0)
glShadeModel(GL_FLAT)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL)
glHint(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL_NICEST)
The frame rendering code. The call to builder.buildMap() creates the 3D scene, and the glBegin-glEnd pair draws a 2D quad:
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT)
stage.set3DMode(window.width, window.height)
builder.buildMap()
stage.set2DMode(window.width, window.height)
glBegin (GL_QUADS)
glVertex2i(0, 0)
glVertex2i(0, 200)
glVertex2i(200, 200)
glVertex2i(200, 0)
glEnd()
the stage.set3DMode function:
glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
gluOrtho2D(0, width, 0, height)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
and the stage.set3DMode function:
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
gluPerspective(60.0, float(width)/float(height), .1, 10000.)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
I really hope someone can point out my mistake! And thank you for helping me :)

It looks like you don't call glLoadIdentity() after switching to GL_MODELVIEW. The simplest way to remember is to call it every time you change the projection matrix, switch to GL_MODELVIEW and call glLoadIdentity() (unless you really want to retain the old one).

A lot of people get it wrong how to use glViewport and the like. They always place it in the reshape callback which is simply wrong.
You always to the full setup in your rendering function, just before you need those settings. So your code should be (pesudocode):
render_scene():
// first clear the whole window
glViewport(0, 0, window.width, window.height)
glClearDepth(1.0)
glClearColor(1., 1., 1., 1.);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT)
glViewport(3Dstuff.x, 3Dstuff.y, 3Dstuff.w, 3Dstuff.h)
// maybe also set scissor to clip
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
gluPerspective(60.0, float(width)/height, .1, 10000.)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
setup3DstuffModelview()
glDepthFunc(...)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
// other state stuff
render3Dstuff()
// now the 2D stuff
glViewport(2Dstuff.x, 2Dstuff.y, 2Dstuff.w, 2Dstuff.h)
// clear depth and stencil -- if you need parts of the 3D depth / stencil
// for some algorithm retain it or save and restore by FBO renderbuffers or
// glReadPixels, glDrawPixels
glClearDepth(1.0)
glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
glOrtho(...)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()
setup2DstuffModelview()
glDepthFunc(...)
glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
// other state stuff
render2Dstuff()
// repeat for all the layers you need
This is really important: OpenGL is a state machine. Unless you can prove that no undetermined state changes happen you always re-/set all the states you need prior to rendering a certain geometry.

I use the following matrices for 2d rendering:
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho(0, w, h, 0, 0, 1);
glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
glTranslatef(0.375f, 0.375f, 0);