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InvalidSelectorException Error while trying to get text from div class in Selenium Python

I'm trying to get text using Selenium WebDriver and here is my code. Please note that I don't want to use XPath, because in my case the ID gets changed on every relaunch of the web page.
My code:
driver.find_element_by_class_name("05uR6d").text
HTML:
<div class="O5uR6d">to fasten stuff</div>
Error:
selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidSelectorException: Message: invalid selector: An invalid or illegal selector was specified (Session info: chrome=88.0.4324.150)
Error is specific to the line of code I mentioned above.
How can I fix this?

Use this xpath:
driver.find_element_by_xpath("//div[contains(text(),'to fasten stuff')]")
Or this CSS:
driver.find_element_by_css_selector(".O5uR6d")
If both won't work, improve your question by adding more data of HTML you are looking at.

It can be done using multiple ways let me try to explain most of them.
Get element by class name.
this is the most easiest solution to get any element by class name you can simply do is:
driver.find_element_by_class_selector('foo');
Get Element by xpath
This is a bit tricky one, you can apply xpath either the class name, title, id or whatever remains same. it also works even if there's a text inside your div. For example:
driver.find_element_by_xpath("//tagname[#attribute='value']")
or in your case:
driver.find_element_by_xpath("//div['class='O5uR6d']")
or you can do something like #vitaliis said
driver.find_element_by_xpath("//div[contains(text(),'to fasten stuff')]")
You can read more about xpath and how to find it on this link
Get Elements by ID:
You can also get the element from id if there's any that's static:
driver.find_element_by_id('baz')
Get Elements by Name:
Get Elements by name using the following syntax:
driver.find_element_by_name('bazz')
Using CSS Selectors:
You can also use the css selectors to find the elements. Consider a following tag that has some attributes:
<p class="content">Site content goes here.</p>
You can get this element by:
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('p.content')
You can read more about it over here

Finding an element whose Xpath is unique to each login

I am coding a python web automation selenium script.
In the script, I use driver.find_element_by_xpath('xpath') to find elements on Binary.com. This means I would have to preload Binary.com and copy xpaths of the elements I need to find. For most elements the method works but for a few I realised that the Xpath is unique to each login.
For example, if I login in now and try to copy the xpath of a certain element it will be //*[#id="tp1602844250562"] but if the page is reloaded or I try to login on a different window the xpath would have then changed to //*[#id="tp1602844157070"]. Please note they are not the same id numbers. This means I cannot use one xpath on a separate page login
The desired element has an HTML code:
<input type="text" class="time hasTimepicker" tab-index="-1" value="00:00" readonly="" id="tp1602844157070">
Refer to the supplied image for clear html code

You can try below with class instead of id as the id is getting pulled from DB i guess-
//div[#class='date-time']//input[contains(#class,'time')]

Why don't you use the class instead of the id? Try this xpath:
driver.find_element_by_xpath('//input[#class = "time hasTimepicker"]')

Try changing your xpath expression to
//input[starts-with(#id,"tp")]
or, if it's not always input
//*[starts-with(#id,"tp")]

To find the input element with that class use.
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input.time.hasTimepicker")

Send_keys function triggers error message: 'Message: element not interactable'

I'm using Selenium to fill out this HTML form, but when it comes to inputting the data it says 'element not interactable'. I am able to click on the element however actually sending a string produces an error. How can I fix this?
driver.get('https://www.masmovil.es/cobertura-fibra-optica-campos/')
prov = Select(driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[#id="province"]'))
prov.select_by_index(32)
driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[#id="town"]').send_keys('1')
Thank you!

In the page you are accessing there are 2 elements that are returned with the selector by_xpath('//*[#id="town"]'), one is a "mm-ui-autocomplete", the other one is an "input".
the "mm-ui-autocomplete" is not visible nor interactable to a real user, that's probably what's throwing the exception you're having, and selenium always takes the first match when there's more than one element returned by the selector, so, assuming you want to type something on the "Localidad" field, it is selecting the wrong element.
Try changing your selector to by_xpath('//input[#id="town"]') and see if it works.
Hope it helps.

Can you try with this css selector :
input[id='town']
code :
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[id='town']").send_keys('1')
The xpath (//*[#id="town"]) you have used has two entries :
one with mm-ui-autocomplete tag and one with input tag.
Always give preference to css selector over xpath. It's more stable then xpath.
In case you would not want to use css selector, then you can use xpath like this :
//input[#id='town']
Code :
driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[#id='town']").send_keys('1')

In my case, it happens that the find_element was not working before the frontend finished loading.
I solved this by adding sleep(2) before the find_element_by_xpath. You will need to import the function by from time import sleep.

Finding an element by partial href (Python Selenium)

I'm trying to access text from elements that have different xpaths but very predictable href schemes across multiple pages in a web database. Here are some examples:
<a href="/mathscinet/search/mscdoc.html?code=65J22,(35R30,47A52,65J20,65R30,90C30)">
65J22 (35R30 47A52 65J20 65R30 90C30) </a>
In this example I would want to extract "65J22 (35R30 47A52 65J20 65R30 90C30)"
<a href="/mathscinet/search/mscdoc.html?code=05C80,(05C15)">
05C80 (05C15) </a>
In this example I would want to extract "05C80 (05C15)". My web scraper would not be able to search by xpath directly due to the xpaths of my desired elements changing between pages, so I am looking for a more roundabout approach.
My main idea is to use the fact that every href contains "/mathscinet/search/mscdoc.html?code=". Selenium can't directly search for hrefs, but I was thinking of doing something similar to this C# implementation:
Driver.Instance.FindElement(By.XPath("//a[contains(#href, 'long')]"))
To port this over to python, the only analogous method I could think of would be to use the in operator, but I am not sure how the syntax will work when everything is nested in a find_element_by_xpath. How would I bring all of these ideas together to obtain my desired text?
driver.find_element_by_xpath("//a['/mathscinet/search/mscdoc.html?code=' in #href]").text

If I right understand you want to locate all elements, that have same partial href. You can use this:
elements = driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//a[contains(#href, '/mathscinet/search/mscdoc.html')]")
for element in elements:
print(element.text)
or if you want to locate one element:
driver.find_element_by_xpath("//a[contains(#href, '/mathscinet/search/mscdoc.html')]").text
This will give a list of all elements located.

As per the HTML you have shared #AndreiSuvorkov's answer would possibly cater to your current requirement. Perhaps you can get much more granular and construct an optimized xpath by:
Instead of using contains using starts-with
Include the ?code= part of the #href attribute
Your effective code block will be:
all_elements = driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//a[starts-with(#href,'/mathscinet/search/mscdoc.html?code=')]")
for elem in all_elements:
print(elem.get_attribute("innerHTML"))

In Selenium, how do I include a specific node [1] using find_elements_by_css_selector()

In the case that I want the first use of class so I don't have to guess the find_elements_by_xpath(), what are my options for this? The goal is to write less code, assuring any changes to the source I am scraping can be fixed easily. Is it possible to essentially
find_elements_by_css_selector('source[1]')
This code does not work as is though.
I am using selenium with Python and will likely be using phantomJS as the webdriver (Firefox for testing).

In CSS Selectors, square brackets select attributes, so your sample code is trying to select the 'source' type element with an attribute named 1, eg
<source 1="your_element" />
Whereas I gather you're trying to find the first in a list that looks like this:
<source>Blah</source>
<source>Rah</source>
If you just want the first matching element, you can use the singular form:
element = find_element_by_css_selector("source")
The form you were using returns a list, so you're also able to get the n-1th element to find the nth instance on the page (Lists index from 0):
element = find_elements_by_css_selector("source")[0]
Finally, if you want your CSS selectors to be completely explicit in which element they're finding, you can use the nth-of-type selector:
element = find_element_by_css_selector("source:nth-of-type(1)")
You might find some other helpful information at this blog post from Sauce Labs to help you write flexible selectors to replace your XPath.