I'm a beginner with myhdl.
I try to translate the following Verilog code to MyHDL:
module ModuleA(data_in, data_out, clk);
input data_in;
output reg data_out;
input clk;
always #(posedge clk) begin
data_out <= data_in;
end
endmodule
module ModuleB(data_in, data_out, clk);
input [1:0] data_in;
output [1:0] data_out;
input clk;
ModuleA instance1(data_in[0], data_out[0], clk);
ModuleA instance2(data_in[1], data_out[1], clk);
endmodule
Currently, I have this code:
import myhdl
#myhdl.block
def ModuleA(data_in, data_out, clk):
#myhdl.always(clk.posedge)
def logic():
data_out.next = data_in
return myhdl.instances()
#myhdl.block
def ModuleB(data_in, data_out, clk):
instance1 = ModuleA(data_in(0), data_out(0), clk)
instance2 = ModuleA(data_in(1), data_out(1), clk)
return myhdl.instances()
# Create signals
data_in = myhdl.Signal(myhdl.intbv()[2:])
data_out = myhdl.Signal(myhdl.intbv()[2:])
clk = myhdl.Signal(bool())
# Instantiate the DUT
dut = ModuleB(data_in, data_out, clk)
# Convert tfe DUT to Verilog
dut.convert()
But it doesn't works because signal slicing produce a read-only shadow signal (cf MEP-105).
So, what is it the good way in MyHDL to have a writable slice of a signal?
Edit:
This is the error I get
$ python demo.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "demo.py", line 29, in <module>
dut.convert()
File "/home/killruana/.local/share/virtualenvs/myhdl_sandbox-dYpBu4o5/lib/python3.6/site-packages/myhdl-0.10-py3.6.egg/myhdl/_block.py", line 342, in convert
File "/home/killruana/.local/share/virtualenvs/myhdl_sandbox-dYpBu4o5/lib/python3.6/site-packages/myhdl-0.10-py3.6.egg/myhdl/conversion/_toVerilog.py", line 177, in __call__
File "/home/killruana/.local/share/virtualenvs/myhdl_sandbox-dYpBu4o5/lib/python3.6/site-packages/myhdl-0.10-py3.6.egg/myhdl/conversion/_analyze.py", line 170, in _analyzeGens
File "/usr/lib/python3.6/ast.py", line 253, in visit
return visitor(node)
File "/home/killruana/.local/share/virtualenvs/myhdl_sandbox-dYpBu4o5/lib/python3.6/site-packages/myhdl-0.10-py3.6.egg/myhdl/conversion/_analyze.py", line 1072, in visit_Module
File "/home/killruana/.local/share/virtualenvs/myhdl_sandbox-dYpBu4o5/lib/python3.6/site-packages/myhdl-0.10-py3.6.egg/myhdl/conversion/_misc.py", line 148, in raiseError
myhdl.ConversionError: in file demo.py, line 4:
Signal has multiple drivers: data_out
You can use an intermediate list of Signal(bool()) as placeholder.
#myhdl.block
def ModuleB(data_in, data_out, clk):
tsig = [myhdl.Signal(bool(0)) for _ in range(len(data_in))]
instances = []
for i in range(len(data_in)):
instances.append(ModuleA(data_in(i), tsig[i], clk))
#myhdl.always_comb
def assign():
for i in range(len(data_out)):
data_out.next[i] = tsig[i]
return myhdl.instances()
A quick (probably non-fulfilling) comment, is that the intbv is treated as a single entity that can't have multiple drives. Two references that might help shed some light:
http://jandecaluwe.com/hdldesign/counting.html
http://docs.myhdl.org/en/stable/manual/structure.html#converting-between-lists-of-signals-and-bit-vectors
Related
I am making adding a character selection to a queue accept tool using radiobuttons for the characters.
the character selection is based on object detection using cv2, and I need to make it so whatever character you select affects the file cv2 opens.
This is what I'm using:
def selection():
if select:
screenshot = wincap.get_screenshot()
# Import selection to Vision Class
test=0
test=v.get()
characterSearch = charSearch('./CharacterSelect/' + str(characters[test]+'.jpg'))
print('./CharacterSelect/' + str(characters[test]+'.jpg'))
characterMatch = characterSearch.find(screenshot, .63, 'rectangles')
if len(characterMatch):
charSelect_off()
window.after(500, selection)
#Stores interger values
v = IntVar()
v.set = ()
# Radio button loops for character select
for index in range(len(characters)):
Radiobutton(bottomframe,
compound = TOP,
image = portraits[index],
text = characters[index],
variable = v,
value = index,
).grid(
row = index//5,
column = index%5,
)
This errors saying it can't find the path.
the print however is able to print selection.
So I need to find a way to create a dynamic str with cv2.imread() in order to do this. or another option entirely, like if I can read it from a list of images loaded via tkinter, that would work too as I have a list built, so if i could index that, that would also be more optimal.
Edit:
Adding the error received:
Exception in Tkinter callback
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\lugex\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python311\Lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 1948, in __call__
return self.func(*args)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "C:\Users\lugex\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python311\Lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 861, in callit
func(*args)
File "c:\Users\lugex\OneDrive\Documents\Projects\Queue-Companion\main.py", line 182, in start
win32gui.SetForegroundWindow(handle)
pywintypes.error: (0, 'SetForegroundWindow', 'No error message is available')
[ WARN:0#11.286] global D:\a\opencv-python\opencv-python\opencv\modules\imgcodecs\src\loadsave.cpp (239) cv::findDecoder imread_('./CharacterSelect/Adriana.jpg'): can't open/read file: check file path/integrity
Exception in Tkinter callback
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\lugex\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python311\Lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 1948, in __call__
return self.func(*args)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "C:\Users\lugex\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python311\Lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 861, in callit
func(*args)
File "c:\Users\lugex\OneDrive\Documents\Projects\Queue-Companion\main.py", line 188, in start
search_on()
File "c:\Users\lugex\OneDrive\Documents\Projects\Queue-Companion\main.py", line 154, in search_on
Char_Search()
File "c:\Users\lugex\OneDrive\Documents\Projects\Queue-Companion\main.py", line 207, in Char_Search
search_off()
File "c:\Users\lugex\OneDrive\Documents\Projects\Queue-Companion\main.py", line 160, in search_off
charSelect_on()
File "c:\Users\lugex\OneDrive\Documents\Projects\Queue-Companion\main.py", line 165, in charSelect_on
selection()
File "c:\Users\lugex\OneDrive\Documents\Projects\Queue-Companion\main.py", line 220, in selection
characterSearch = charSearch('./CharacterSelect/' + str(characters[test]+'.jpg'))
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "c:\Users\lugex\OneDrive\Documents\Projects\Queue-Companion\vision.py", line 206, in __init__
self.accept_w = self.accept_img.shape[1]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'shape'
I was able to figure this out when I found this: https://stackoverflow.com/a/48562343/20593304
creating a dynamic path using the string I created.
charVariable=0
charVariable=v.get()
pathtoCharacters = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "CharacterSearch", str(characters[charVariable]+".jpg"))
characterSearch = charSearch(pathtoCharacters)
which then implements to my class that performs the object detection.
import os
import eyed3
def files(path):
for file in os.listdir(path):
if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, file)):
yield file
def title_alteration(music_artist_string):
music_artist_string = music_artist_string.replace(';', ' feat. ', 1)
semicolon_count = music_artist_string.count(';')
music_artist_string = music_artist_string.replace(';', ', ', semicolon_count-1)
music_artist_string = music_artist_string.replace(';', ' & ')
return music_artist_string
def main():
audio_files = eyed3.load(files('D:\\iTunes Music\\iTunes\\iTunes Media\\Music'))
title_alteration(audio_files.tag.artist)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Can I get some help debugging this, I got it down to three distinct functions with some help from my last post, now I just need to know why is this getting errors when I attempt to run it on this directory on my pc.
I'm getting these errors (TLDR; It doesnt like Line 20 [the audio_files line]):
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:/Pycharm Projects/Music Alterations v2.py", line 25, in <module>
main()
File "D:/Pycharm Projects/Music Alterations v2.py", line 20, in main
audio_files = eyed3.load(files('D:\\iTunes Music\\iTunes\\iTunes Media\\Music'))
File "C:\Users\cLappy\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\lib\site-packages\eyed3\core.py", line 74, in load
path = pathlib.Path(path)
File "C:\Users\cLappy\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\lib\pathlib.py", line 1038, in __new__
self = cls._from_parts(args, init=False)
File "C:\Users\cLappy\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\lib\pathlib.py", line 679, in _from_parts
drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args)
File "C:\Users\cLappy\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\lib\pathlib.py", line 663, in _parse_args
a = os.fspath(a)
TypeError: expected str, bytes or os.PathLike object, not generator
Process finished with exit code 1
Your files function is a generator, to be used like an iterator. The eyed3.load function doesn't want a generator or an iterator. It wants a pathname or something like one. Passing a generator where a pathname is expected does not magically cause iteration over all the values the generator would generate. It would work better just to make a list of all the pathnames of interest and then iterate over that list, calling eyed3.load for each pathname.
I'm trying to run pyalgotrade's event profiler. I'm using custom data, it works when I run it with the default stratergy/predicate 'BuyOnGap' however when I try and run it with a simple custom strategy it throw the error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\David\Desktop\Python\Coursera\Computational Finance\Week2\PyAlgoTrade\Bitfinex\FCT\FCT_single_event_test.py", line 43, in <module>
main(True)
File "C:\Users\David\Desktop\Python\Coursera\Computational Finance\Week2\PyAlgoTrade\Bitfinex\FCT\FCT_single_event_test.py", line 35, in main
eventProfiler.run(feed, True)
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\pyalgotrade\eventprofiler.py", line 215, in run
disp.run()
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\pyalgotrade\dispatcher.py", line 102, in run
eof, eventsDispatched = self.__dispatch()
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\pyalgotrade\dispatcher.py", line 90, in __dispatch
if self.__dispatchSubject(subject, smallestDateTime):
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\pyalgotrade\dispatcher.py", line 68, in __dispatchSubject
ret = subject.dispatch() is True
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\pyalgotrade\feed\__init__.py", line 105, in dispatch
self.__event.emit(dateTime, values)
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\pyalgotrade\observer.py", line 59, in emit
handler(*args, **kwargs)
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\pyalgotrade\eventprofiler.py", line 172, in __onBars
eventOccurred = self.__predicate.eventOccurred(instrument, self.__feed[instrument])
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\pyalgotrade\eventprofiler.py", line 89, in eventOccurred
raise NotImplementedError()
NotImplementedError
My code is:
from pyalgotrade import eventprofiler
from pyalgotrade.technical import stats
from pyalgotrade.technical import roc
from pyalgotrade.technical import ma
from pyalgotrade.barfeed import csvfeed
class single_event_strat( eventprofiler.Predicate ):
def __init__(self,feed):
self.__returns = {} # CLASS ATTR
for inst in feed.getRegisteredInstruments():
priceDS = feed[inst].getAdjCloseDataSeries() # STORE: priceDS ( a temporary representation )
self.__returns[inst] = roc.RateOfChange( priceDS, 1 )
# CALC: ATTR <- Returns over the adjusted close values, consumed priceDS
#( could be expressed as self.__returns[inst] = roc.RateOfChange( ( feed[inst].getAdjCloseDataSeries() ), 1 ),
#but would be less readable
def eventOccoured( self, instrument, aBarDS):
if (aBarDS[-1].getVolume() > 10 and aBarDS[-1].getClose() > 5 ):
return True
else:
return False
def main(plot):
feed = csvfeed.GenericBarFeed(0)
feed.addBarsFromCSV('FCT', "FCT_daily_converted.csv")
predicate = single_event_strat(feed)
eventProfiler = eventprofiler.Profiler( predicate, 5, 5)
eventProfiler.run(feed, True)
results = eventProfiler.getResults()
print "%d events found" % (results.getEventCount())
if plot:
eventprofiler.plot(results)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main(True)
What does this error mean ?
Does anyone know what's wrong and how to fix it ?
Here is a link to the eventprofiler code:
http://pastebin.com/QD220VQb
As a bonus does anyone know where I can find examples of the profiler being used? other that the example pyalgotrade gives, seen here
I think you just made a spelling mistake in eventOccurred method definition
def eventOccoured( self, instrument, aBarDS):
should be replaced by
def eventOccurred( self, instrument, aBarDS):
I have been trying to tweek the mapper_pre_filter example given here. Now, if instead of specifying the command directly in steps, if I'm writing a method to return that command, like this:
from mrjob.job import MRJob
from mrjob.protocol import JSONValueProtocol
class KittiesJob(MRJob):
OUTPUT_PROTOCOL = JSONValueProtocol
def filter_input(self):
return ''' grep 'kitty' '''
def test_for_kitty(self, _, value):
yield None, 0 # make sure we have some output
if 'kitty' in value:
yield None, 1
def sum_missing_kitties(self, _, values):
yield None, sum(values)
def steps(self):
return [
self.mr(mapper_pre_filter=self.filter_input,
mapper=self.test_for_kitty,
reducer=self.sum_missing_kitties)]
if __name__ == '__main__':
KittiesJob().run()
I'm getting the following exception:
Exception: error getting step information:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/sverma/work/mrjob/filter_input.py", line 30, in <module>
KittiesJob().run()
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/mrjob/job.py", line 494, in run
mr_job.execute()
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/mrjob/job.py", line 500, in execute
self.show_steps()
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/mrjob/job.py", line 677, in show_steps
print >> self.stdout, json.dumps(self._steps_desc())
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/simplejson/__init__.py", line 370, in dumps
return _default_encoder.encode(obj)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/simplejson/encoder.py", line 269, in encode
chunks = self.iterencode(o, _one_shot=True)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/simplejson/encoder.py", line 348, in iterencode
return _iterencode(o, 0)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/simplejson/encoder.py", line 246, in default
raise TypeError(repr(o) + " is not JSON serializable")
TypeError: <bound method KittiesJob.filter_input of <__main__.KittiesJob object at 0x10449ac90>> is not JSON serializable
Can someone please explain what I'm doing wrong ?
Wow, that's a late answere. I think you want to change this:
mapper_pre_filter=self.filter_input, to
mapper_pre_filter=self.filter_input(),.
From the example mapper_pre_filter is expected to be a string, not a function. Maybe it'll help somebody in the future.
The stack trace says that the output of the filter is not JSON serializable, because it's probably empty.
I have a command as follows:
class AddChatMessages(Command):
arguments = [
('messages', AmpList([('message', Unicode()), ('type', Integer())]))]
And I have a responder for it in a controller:
def add_chat_messages(self, messages):
for i, m in enumerate(messages):
messages[i] = (m['message'], m['type'])
self.main.add_chat_messages(messages)
return {}
commands.AddChatMessages.responder(add_chat_messages)
I am writing a unit test for it. This is my code:
class AddChatMessagesTest(ProtocolTestMixin, unittest.TestCase):
command = commands.AddChatMessages
data = {'messages': [{'message': 'hi', 'type': 'None'}]}
def assert_callback(self, unused):
pass
Where ProtocolMixin is as follows:
class ProtocolTestMixin(object):
def setUp(self):
self.protocol = client.CommandProtocol()
def assert_callback(self, unused):
raise NotImplementedError("Has to be implemented!")
def test_responder(self):
responder = self.protocol.lookupFunction(
self.command.commandName)
d = responder(self.data)
d.addCallback(self.assert_callback)
return d
It works if AmpList is not involved, but when it is - I get following error:
======================================================================
ERROR: test_responder
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/<username>/Projects/space/env/lib/python2.7/site-packages/twisted/internet/defer.py", line 139, in maybeDeferred
result = f(*args, **kw)
File "/Users/<username>/Projects/space/env/lib/python2.7/site-packages/twisted/internet/utils.py", line 203, in runWithWarningsSuppressed
reraise(exc_info[1], exc_info[2])
File "/Users/<username>/Projects/space/env/lib/python2.7/site-packages/twisted/internet/utils.py", line 199, in runWithWarningsSuppressed
result = f(*a, **kw)
File "/Users/<username>/Projects/space/tests/client_test.py", line 32, in test_responder
d = responder(self.data)
File "/Users/<username>/Projects/space/env/lib/python2.7/site-packages/twisted/protocols/amp.py", line 1016, in doit
kw = command.parseArguments(box, self)
File "/Users/<username>/Projects/space/env/lib/python2.7/site-packages/twisted/protocols/amp.py", line 1717, in parseArguments
return _stringsToObjects(box, cls.arguments, protocol)
File "/Users/<username>/Projects/space/env/lib/python2.7/site-packages/twisted/protocols/amp.py", line 2510, in _stringsToObjects
argparser.fromBox(argname, myStrings, objects, proto)
File "/Users/<username>/Projects/space/env/lib/python2.7/site-packages/twisted/protocols/amp.py", line 1209, in fromBox
objects[nk] = self.fromStringProto(st, proto)
File "/Users/<username>/Projects/space/env/lib/python2.7/site-packages/twisted/protocols/amp.py", line 1465, in fromStringProto
boxes = parseString(inString)
File "/Users/<username>/Projects/space/env/lib/python2.7/site-packages/twisted/protocols/amp.py", line 2485, in parseString
return cls.parse(StringIO(data))
TypeError: must be string or buffer, not list
Which makes sense, but how do I serialize a list in AddChatMessagesTest.data?
The responder expects to be called with a serialized box. It will then deserialize it, dispatch the objects to application code, take the object the application code returns, serialize it, and then return that serialized form.
For a few AMP types. most notably String, the serialized form is the same as the deserialized form, so it's easy to overlook this.
I think that you'll want to pass your data through Command.makeArguments in order to produce an object suitable to pass to a responder.
For example:
>>> from twisted.protocols.amp import Command, Integer
>>> class Foo(Command):
... arguments = [("bar", Integer())]
...
>>> Foo.makeArguments({"bar": 17}, None)
AmpBox({'bar': '17'})
>>>
If you do this with a Command that uses AmpList I think you'll find makeArguments returns an encoded string for the value of that argument and that the responder is happy to accept and parse that kind of string.