I am trying to add drag and drop functionality to a small application. Getting data from a QlistWidget and Dropping the data on a QTableWidget. I should override the dropEvent of QTableWidget in order to add some other functions when dropping the data. But i have trouble, i think i can not get the text() of the object gotten from the ListWidget. here is the code:
class Table(QtWidgets.QTableWidget):
def __init__(self,r,c, parent=None):
super().__init__(r,c,parent)
self.init_ui()
def init_ui(self):
self.setAcceptDrops(True)
self.setDragDropMode(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.DragDrop)
"""def dragMoveEvent(self, e):
e.setDropAction(QtCore.Qt.MoveAction)
e.accept()
def dragEnterEvent(self,e):
e.accept()"""
def dropEvent(self,e):
data = e.mimeData()
a=e.pos()
row = self.rowAt(a.y())
col = self.columnAt(a.x())
self.setItem(row,col,QtWidgets.QTableWidgetItem(data.text()))
print(row,col)
print(type(data.text()))
print(e.source())
x = data.text()
print(x)
e.accept()
`
The data that is transmitted from a QListWidget through the drag-and-drop is not given through text(), because an item has much more information identified by the roles, in addition you can drag several items. The data is transmitted using the MIME type application/x-qabstractitemmodeldatalist and the solution is to decode it as shown below:
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtWidgets
class TableWidget(QtWidgets.QTableWidget):
def __init__(self, r,c, parent=None):
super(TableWidget, self).__init__(r,c, parent)
self.setAcceptDrops(True)
self.setDragDropMode(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.DropOnly)
def dropEvent(self, event):
md = event.mimeData()
fmt = "application/x-qabstractitemmodeldatalist"
if md.hasFormat(fmt):
encoded = md.data(fmt)
stream = QtCore.QDataStream(encoded, QtCore.QIODevice.ReadOnly)
table_items = []
while not stream.atEnd():
# row and column where it comes from
row = stream.readInt32()
column = stream.readInt32()
map_items = stream.readInt32()
it = QtWidgets.QTableWidgetItem()
for i in range(map_items):
role = stream.readInt32()
value = QtCore.QVariant()
stream >> value
it.setData(role, value)
table_items.append(it)
for it in table_items:
print(it, it.text())
class MainWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(MainWindow, self).__init__(parent)
list_widget = QtWidgets.QListWidget()
list_widget.setAcceptDrops(False)
list_widget.setEditTriggers(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.NoEditTriggers)
list_widget.setDragDropMode(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.DragOnly)
for i in range(10):
it = QtWidgets.QListWidgetItem("item-{}".format(i))
list_widget.addItem(it)
table_widget = TableWidget(5, 10)
central_widget = QtWidgets.QWidget()
hlay = QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout(central_widget)
hlay.addWidget(list_widget)
hlay.addWidget(table_widget)
self.setCentralWidget(central_widget)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
w = MainWindow()
w.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
Related
I have a tablewidget where the rows are added dynamically, I have to enter a name in the first column which is to be specific so I have a listwidget beside tablewidget where names are displayed from a database, so now how to detect the change in the cell so that I can filter out names in listwidget.
I have tried all the signals which are emitted by tablewidget but no luck, all the signals are emitted after a mouse click or keyboard button, I want to detect a change in a single cell for each letter entered or deleted.
I have tried ItemDelegate too, but it detects only the start of editing, here is my code
class ItemDelegate(QtGui.QStyledItemDelegate):
cellEditingStarted = QtCore.pyqtSignal(int, int)
def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
result = super(ItemDelegate, self).createEditor(parent, option, index)
if result:
self.cellEditingStarted.emit(index.row(), index.column())
return result
.
.
.
self.delegate = ItemDelegate()
self.delegate.cellEditingStarted.connect(self.showlistwidget)
self.tableWidget.setItemDelegate(self.delegate)
Instead of detecting when the editor is displayed, you should use the editor's textChanged signal (QLineEdit):
from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui
class StyledItemDelegate(QtGui.QStyledItemDelegate):
textChanged = QtCore.pyqtSignal(str)
editingFinished = QtCore.pyqtSignal()
def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
editor = super(StyledItemDelegate, self).createEditor(
parent, option, index
)
if isinstance(editor, QtGui.QLineEdit):
editor.textChanged.connect(self.textChanged)
editor.editingFinished.connect(self.editingFinished)
return editor
class Widget(QtGui.QWidget):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(Widget, self).__init__(parent)
self.table_widget = QtGui.QTableWidget(4, 4)
self.table_widget.setHorizontalHeaderLabels(("Name", "1", "2", "3"))
delegate = StyledItemDelegate(self.table_widget)
delegate.textChanged.connect(self.filter)
delegate.editingFinished.connect(self.clear_filter)
self.table_widget.setItemDelegateForColumn(0, delegate)
self.list_widget = QtGui.QListWidget()
hlay = QtGui.QHBoxLayout(self)
hlay.addWidget(self.table_widget)
hlay.addWidget(self.list_widget)
for letter1 in "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ":
for letter2 in "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ":
text = letter1 + letter2
it = QtGui.QListWidgetItem(text)
self.list_widget.addItem(it)
#QtCore.pyqtSlot(str)
def filter(self, text):
self.clear_filter()
for r in range(self.list_widget.count()):
it = self.list_widget.item(r)
# filter algorithm
is_showing = text in it.text()
# Hide the row if necessary
it.setHidden(not is_showing)
#QtCore.pyqtSlot()
def clear_filter(self):
for r in range(self.list_widget.count()):
it = self.list_widget.item(r)
it.setHidden(False)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
w = Widget()
w.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
Update:
from functools import partial
from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui
class StyledItemDelegate(QtGui.QStyledItemDelegate):
textChanged = QtCore.pyqtSignal(int, int, str)
editingFinished = QtCore.pyqtSignal()
def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
editor = super(StyledItemDelegate, self).createEditor(
parent, option, index
)
if isinstance(editor, QtGui.QLineEdit):
editor.textChanged.connect(
partial(self.textChanged.emit, index.row(), index.column())
)
editor.editingFinished.connect(self.editingFinished)
return editor
class Widget(QtGui.QWidget):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(Widget, self).__init__(parent)
self.table_widget = QtGui.QTableWidget(4, 4)
self.table_widget.setHorizontalHeaderLabels(("Name", "1", "2", "3"))
delegate = StyledItemDelegate(self.table_widget)
delegate.textChanged.connect(self.filter)
delegate.editingFinished.connect(self.clear_filter)
self.table_widget.setItemDelegate(delegate)
self.list_widget = QtGui.QListWidget()
hlay = QtGui.QHBoxLayout(self)
hlay.addWidget(self.table_widget)
hlay.addWidget(self.list_widget)
for letter1 in "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ":
for letter2 in "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ":
text = letter1 + letter2
it = QtGui.QListWidgetItem(text)
self.list_widget.addItem(it)
#QtCore.pyqtSlot(int, int, str)
def filter(self, row, column, text):
print(row, column)
self.clear_filter()
for r in range(self.list_widget.count()):
it = self.list_widget.item(r)
# filter algorithm
is_showing = text in it.text()
# Hide the row if necessary
it.setHidden(not is_showing)
#QtCore.pyqtSlot()
def clear_filter(self):
for r in range(self.list_widget.count()):
it = self.list_widget.item(r)
it.setHidden(False)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
w = Widget()
w.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
I struggle to drag and drop icons from a listview (ViewMode set to IconMode) to another. It's similar to what I've found in the docs.
Scenario: A user drags the QIcon 1 from ListView 1 and drops it to ListView 2. ListView 2 should add QIcon 1 to its model. Moreover I want to do some background work when a specific QIcon is added to ListView 2. How do I know that QIcon 1 was dropped to ListView 2 and not QIcon 2?
mainwindow (sets up the layout, loads the images into listview 1):
class Ui_MainWindow(object):
...
def loadImages(self):
model = QStandardItemModel()
images = Path("images").glob("*.*")
for image in images:
item = QStandardItem()
item.setIcon(QIcon(str(image)))
model.appendRow(item)
self.listView1.setModel(model)
listview 1:
class ListView1(QListView):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.setAcceptDrops(False)
self.setViewMode(QtWidgets.QListView.IconMode)
self.setEditTriggers(QAbstractItemView.NoEditTriggers)
self.setIconSize(QSize(50, 50))
self.setResizeMode(QtWidgets.QListView.Adjust)
self.setDragDropMode(QAbstractItemView.DragOnly)
listview 2:
class ListView2(QListView):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.setViewMode(QtWidgets.QListView.IconMode)
self.setDragDropMode(QAbstractItemView.DropOnly)
self.setIconSize(QSize(50, 50))
self.setAcceptDrops(True)
def dragEnterEvent(self, event):
event.accept()
def dragMoveEvent(self, event):
event.accept()
def dropEvent(self, event):
event.accept()
event.setDropAction(QtCore.Qt.MoveAction)
event.acceptProposedAction()
How can I drag and drop an icon from listview 1 to listview 2 and access its properties?
It is not necessary to overwrite dragEnterEvent, dragMoveEvent or dropEvent since those implementations already exist and work correctly, the example you point out is for other types of widgets that do not have those events implemented.
from pathlib import Path
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets
class LListView(QtWidgets.QListView):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(LListView, self).__init__(parent)
self.model = QtGui.QStandardItemModel(self)
self.setModel(self.model)
self.setAcceptDrops(False)
self.setViewMode(QtWidgets.QListView.IconMode)
self.setEditTriggers(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.NoEditTriggers)
self.setIconSize(QtCore.QSize(50, 50))
self.setResizeMode(QtWidgets.QListView.Adjust)
self.setDragDropMode(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.DragOnly)
class RListView(QtWidgets.QListView):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(RListView, self).__init__(parent)
self.model = QtGui.QStandardItemModel(self)
self.setModel(self.model)
self.setAcceptDrops(True)
self.setViewMode(QtWidgets.QListView.IconMode)
self.setEditTriggers(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.NoEditTriggers)
self.setIconSize(QtCore.QSize(50, 50))
self.setResizeMode(QtWidgets.QListView.Adjust)
self.setDragDropMode(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.DropOnly)
class MainWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(MainWindow, self).__init__(parent)
central_widget = QtWidgets.QWidget()
self.l_view = LListView()
self.r_view = RListView()
self.setCentralWidget(central_widget)
lay = QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout(central_widget)
lay.addWidget(self.l_view)
lay.addWidget(self.r_view)
self.loadImages()
def loadImages(self):
images = Path("images").glob("*.*")
for image in images:
item = QtGui.QStandardItem()
item.setIcon(QtGui.QIcon(str(image)))
self.l_view.model.appendRow(item)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
w = MainWindow()
w.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
Update:
If you want to add an identifier this can be done through a role that you pass when creating the item, and then in the dropEvent() get all the roles, then get the role you want and through it the identifier:
from pathlib import Path
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets
class LListView(QtWidgets.QListView):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(LListView, self).__init__(parent)
self.m_model = QtGui.QStandardItemModel(self)
self.setModel(self.m_model)
self.setAcceptDrops(False)
self.setViewMode(QtWidgets.QListView.IconMode)
self.setEditTriggers(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.NoEditTriggers)
self.setIconSize(QtCore.QSize(50, 50))
self.setResizeMode(QtWidgets.QListView.Adjust)
self.setDragDropMode(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.DragOnly)
class RListView(QtWidgets.QListView):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(RListView, self).__init__(parent)
self.m_model = QtGui.QStandardItemModel(self)
self.setModel(self.m_model)
self.setAcceptDrops(True)
self.setEditTriggers(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.NoEditTriggers)
self.setIconSize(QtCore.QSize(50, 50))
self.setResizeMode(QtWidgets.QListView.Adjust)
self.setDragDropMode(QtWidgets.QAbstractItemView.DropOnly)
def dropEvent(self, event):
last_row_count = self.model().rowCount()
super(RListView, self).dropEvent(event)
# check if an item is added
if self.model().rowCount() > last_row_count:
md = event.mimeData()
fmt = "application/x-qabstractitemmodeldatalist"
if md.hasFormat(fmt):
encoded = md.data(fmt)
stream = QtCore.QDataStream(encoded, QtCore.QIODevice.ReadOnly)
datas = []
item = {}
while not stream.atEnd():
row = stream.readInt32()
column = stream.readInt32()
map_items = stream.readInt32()
for i in range(map_items):
key = stream.readInt32()
value = QtCore.QVariant()
stream >> value
item[QtCore.Qt.ItemDataRole(key)] = value
datas.append(item)
for data in datas:
identifier = data[QtCore.Qt.UserRole+1].value()
print("identifier: ", identifier)
class MainWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(MainWindow, self).__init__(parent)
central_widget = QtWidgets.QWidget()
self.l_view = LListView()
self.r_view = RListView()
self.setCentralWidget(central_widget)
lay = QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout(central_widget)
lay.addWidget(self.l_view)
lay.addWidget(self.r_view)
self.loadImages()
def loadImages(self):
images = Path("images").glob("*.*")
for i, image in enumerate(images):
item = QtGui.QStandardItem()
identifier = "img_{:06d}".format(i+1)
item.setData(identifier, QtCore.Qt.UserRole+1)
item.setIcon(QtGui.QIcon(str(image)))
self.l_view.m_model.appendRow(item)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
w = MainWindow()
w.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
I am having problems with the Qt method to update a DataFrame if it has a specific element modified by the user in the GUI.
For example, when I run the following code, I get a 10 by 3 DataFrame with random values displayed. If I try to change any cell to value 400, I double click, type 400 and then press enter. When I print the DataFrame, the value is still the old value. I would like the DataFrame cell to update on user changing the value.
Many thanks!
import sys
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import *
from PyQt5.QtGui import QIcon, QColor
from PyQt5.QtCore import pyqtSlot, Qt, QTimer
class App(QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.setGeometry(700, 100, 350, 380)
self.createTable()
self.layout = QVBoxLayout()
self.layout.addWidget(self.tableWidget)
self.button = QPushButton('Print DataFrame', self)
self.layout.addWidget(self.button)
self.setLayout(self.layout)
self.button.clicked.connect(self.print_my_df)
self.tableWidget.doubleClicked.connect(self.on_click_table)
self.show()
def createTable(self):
self.tableWidget = QTableWidget()
self.df_rows = 10
self.df_cols = 3
self.df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(self.df_rows, self.df_cols))
self.tableWidget.setRowCount(self.df_rows)
self.tableWidget.setColumnCount(self.df_cols)
for i in range(self.df_rows):
for j in range(self.df_cols):
x = '{:.3f}'.format(self.df.iloc[i, j])
self.tableWidget.setItem(i, j, QTableWidgetItem(x))
#pyqtSlot()
def print_my_df(self):
print(self.df)
#pyqtSlot()
def on_click_table(self):
for currentQTableWidgetItem in self.tableWidget.selectedItems():
print((currentQTableWidgetItem.row(), currentQTableWidgetItem.column()))
self.print_my_df()
if __name__ == '__main__':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = App()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
QTableWidget does not know about the existence of the DataFrame so it is not updating it. We must update it for this we use the cellChanged signal that gives us the row and column, then we use the item() method that returns the QTableWidgetItem given the column and row, then we use the text() method of QTableWidgetItem.
The data that is placed in the items in the user's edition can be of any type for example a text and this would generate an error since the DataFrame only accepts numerical values for this we must provide an input that validates for this we place a QLineEdit with a QDoubleValidator.
class FloatDelegate(QItemDelegate):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
QItemDelegate.__init__(self, parent=parent)
def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
editor = QLineEdit(parent)
editor.setValidator(QDoubleValidator())
return editor
class TableWidget(QTableWidget):
def __init__(self, df, parent=None):
QTableWidget.__init__(self, parent)
self.df = df
nRows = len(self.df.index)
nColumns = len(self.df.columns)
self.setRowCount(nRows)
self.setColumnCount(nColumns)
self.setItemDelegate(FloatDelegate())
for i in range(self.rowCount()):
for j in range(self.columnCount()):
x = '{:.3f}'.format(self.df.iloc[i, j])
self.setItem(i, j, QTableWidgetItem(x))
self.cellChanged.connect(self.onCellChanged)
#pyqtSlot(int, int)
def onCellChanged(self, row, column):
text = self.item(row, column).text()
number = float(text)
self.df.set_value(row, column, number)
Example:
class App(QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.setGeometry(700, 100, 350, 380)
df_rows = 10
df_cols = 3
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(df_rows, df_cols))
self.tableWidget = TableWidget(df, self)
self.layout = QVBoxLayout()
self.layout.addWidget(self.tableWidget)
self.button = QPushButton('Print DataFrame', self)
self.layout.addWidget(self.button)
self.setLayout(self.layout)
self.button.clicked.connect(self.print_my_df)
#pyqtSlot()
def print_my_df(self):
print(self.tableWidget.df)
if __name__ == '__main__':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = App()
ex.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
Could someone help me create a recursive function which loops through the treeview QStandardItemModel and collects all items which are 'checked true'
I'm not entirely clear on how to go about doing this myself.
from PySide import QtGui, QtCore
from PySide import QtSvg, QtXml
import sys
class Person:
def __init__(self, name="", children=None):
self.name = name
self.children = children if children else []
class MainWindow(QtGui.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super(MainWindow, self).__init__(parent)
self.resize(300, 400)
self.init_ui()
def init_ui(self):
# Setup Tabs Widget
# self.treeview = QtGui.QTreeView()
self.treeview = QtGui.QTreeView()
self.treeview.setHeaderHidden(True)
self.treeview.setUniformRowHeights(True)
self.treeview.setEditTriggers(QtGui.QAbstractItemView.NoEditTriggers)
self.model = QtGui.QStandardItemModel()
self.treeview.setModel(self.model)
self.action = QtGui.QAction('Print', self)
self.action.setShortcut('F5')
self.action.triggered.connect(self.get_checked)
fileMenu = QtGui.QMenu("&File", self)
fileMenu.addAction(self.action)
self.menuBar().addMenu(fileMenu)
# Setup central widget
self.setCentralWidget(self.treeview)
# populate data
self.populate_people()
self.treeview.expandAll()
def populate_people(self):
parent = Person("Kevin", [
Person("Tom", [Person("Sally"), Person("Susan")]),
Person("Snappy", [Person("John"), Person("Kimmy"),
Person("Joe")]),
Person("Chester", [Person("Danny"), Person("Colleen")])
]
)
self.create_nodes(parent, self.model)
def create_nodes(self, node, parent):
tnode = QtGui.QStandardItem()
tnode.setCheckable(True)
tnode.setData(QtCore.Qt.Unchecked, role=QtCore.Qt.CheckStateRole)
tnode.setData(node.name , role=QtCore.Qt.DisplayRole)
tnode.setData(node, role=QtCore.Qt.UserRole) # store object on item
parent.appendRow(tnode)
for x in node.children:
self.create_nodes(x, tnode)
def get_checked(self):
print "collecting..."
def main():
app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = MainWindow()
ex.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
It can be done with the model's match method:
def get_checked(self):
model = self.treeview.model()
checked = model.match(
model.index(0, 0), QtCore.Qt.CheckStateRole,
QtCore.Qt.Checked, -1,
QtCore.Qt.MatchExactly | QtCore.Qt.MatchRecursive)
for index in checked:
item = model.itemFromIndex(index)
print(item.text())
I have created a window containing a QTreeWidget called StudentTreeWidget, and when double clicking on one of the items in the Tree Widget it should open up another window called StudentEnterprisePassport:
class Student_search(Ui_Student_search):
def __init__(self, database, tableName, parent=None):
QtGui.QWidget.__init__(self)
self.dbu = DB_manager_students.DatabaseUtility(database, tableName)
self.connect(self, QtCore.SIGNAL('itemClicked(QTreeWidgetItem*, int)'), self.handleButton)
self.setupUi(self)
self.UpdateTree()
self.window4 = None
def handleButton(self):
if self.window4 is None:
database = 'EnterprisePassport'
tablename = 'students'
self.window4 = StudentEnterprisePassport(database, tablename)
self.window4.show()
class StudentEnterprisePassport(Ui_StudentEnterprisePassport):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
QtGui.QWidget.__init__(self, parent)
self.setupUi(self)
self.sessionTracker_btn.clicked.connect(self.handleButton)
When running the code no error is outputted, however, nothing happens when I double click an item in the Tree Widget. The QTreeWidget window is being imported from a Ui file created and converted from Qt Designer.
from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui
import DB_manager_students, sys
(....)
class Ui_Student_search(QtGui.QWidget):
def __init__(self, database, tableName):
QtGui.QWidget.__init__(self)
self.dbu = DB_manager_students.DatabaseUtility(database, tableName)
self.setupUi(self)
self.UpdateTree()
def setupUi(self, Student_search):
Student_search.setObjectName(_fromUtf8("Student_search"))
Student_search.resize(1299, 856)
self.gridLayout = QtGui.QGridLayout(Student_search)
self.gridLayout.setObjectName(_fromUtf8("gridLayout"))
self.verticalLayout_2 = QtGui.QVBoxLayout()
self.verticalLayout_2.setObjectName(_fromUtf8("verticalLayout_2"))
self.StudentTreeWidget = QtGui.QTreeWidget(Student_search)
self.StudentTreeWidget.setObjectName(_fromUtf8("StudentTreeWidget"))
self.verticalLayout_2.addWidget(self.StudentTreeWidget)
self.gridLayout.addLayout(self.verticalLayout_2, 0, 0, 1, 1)
Code to input data into the TreeWidget:
def UpdateTree(self):
col = self.dbu.GetColumns()
table = self.dbu.GetTable()
for c in range(len(col)):
self.StudentTreeWidget.headerItem().setText(c, col[c][0])
self.StudentTreeWidget.clear()
for item in range(len(table)):
QtGui.QTreeWidgetItem(self.StudentTreeWidget)
for value in range(len(table[item])):
self.StudentTreeWidget.topLevelItem(item).setText(value, str(table[item][value]))
if __name__ == '__main__':
db = 'EnterprisePassport'
tableName = 'students'
app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = Ui_Student_search(db, tableName)
ex.show()
x = app.exec_()
sys.exit(x)