Even after googling, trying a million things etc, I just can't get package importing to work properly. I have a simple folder structure like this:
(main folder)
---------------
funktio (folder)---->| __init__.py |
main.py | tulosta.py |
country_data.py ---------------
Basically I'm trying to import tulosta.py into main.py. Tulosta.py has a function that prints certain stuff from country_data.py. So far the program works when I paste the contents of tulosta.py into main.py and scrap the import of tulosta.py from main.py (so the script reads from country_data properly). I'm doing a school assignment and it requires importing a module and a package. My problem is, if I try to
import funktio.tulosta
I only get
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "E:\Kouluhommelit\Script-programming\moduuliharkka\main.py", line 4, in <module>
tulosta.tulosta()
NameError: name 'tulosta' is not defined
and if I try to put "from tulosta import tulosta" into the init file, I get
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "E:\Kouluhommelit\Script-programming\moduuliharkka\main.py", line 1, in <module>
import funktio.tulosta
File "E:\Kouluhommelit\Script-programming\moduuliharkka\funktio\__init__.py", line 1, in <module>
from tulosta import tulosta
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'tulosta'
So basically whatever I try I get an error code. Here's the code from main.py:
import funktio.tulosta
import country_data
tulosta.tulosta()
and tulosta.py:
def tulosta():
for code in country_data.countrycodes:
print (country_data.codemap[code], ':\n\t','Head honcho:', country_data.countries[country_data.codemap[code]]['head honcho'],'\n\t','Population:', country_data.countries[country_data.codemap[code]]['population'],'million')
I'm really getting desperate after struggling with this for 4+ hours already. It seems like such a simple operation, but apparently it isn't. Please help. I'll provide more info if needed.
Here's the assignment:
Rearrange the code from previous exercises:
Make a folder called "moduuliharkka"
Make a python file called "country_data" where you put the lists and dicts from the exercise 15.
Then make a new folder inside the moduuliharkka-folder called "funktio" (tip: init)
Put the code from exercise 16. inside a function and save it as a .py file in the funktio-folder
Go back to your moduuliharkka-folder, make a main.py file where you import the country_data module and the funktio folder as a package
Call the function imported in the main.py script
You need to make one extra call in your main file. Currently, you have imported the file tulosta from funktio, however, you need to access the function/class/variable in that file. tulosta.tulosta() is not including the folder name, which is still needed
In main:
import funktio.tulosta
functio.tulosta.tulosta() #call the function in "tulosta" here
If you do want to call tulosta() as tulosta.tulosta(), import with an alias:
import funktio.tulosta as tulosta
tulosta.tulosta()
Related
In github there are four py Data which I put on my PyCharm. When I run main.py I get this message:
/Users/Armut/Desktop/High_D/Coursera/bin/python /Users/Armut/Desktop/High_D/main.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/Armut/Desktop/High_D/main.py", line 6, in <module>
from data_management.read_csv import *
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'data_management'
Here is a screenshots:
Can someone help, what I am doing wrong or how can I fix it?
EDIT (Put folders):
/Users/Armut/Desktop/High_D/Coursera/bin/python /Users/Armut/Desktop/High_D/main.py
WARNING:root:Failed to import geometry msgs in rigid_transformations.py.
WARNING:root:Failed to import ros dependencies in rigid_transforms.py
WARNING:root:autolab_core not installed as catkin package, RigidTransform ros methods will be unavailable
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/Armut/Desktop/High_D/main.py", line 7, in <module>
from visualization.visualize_frame import VisualizationPlot
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'visualization.visualize_frame'
EDIT:
/Users/Armut/Desktop/High_D/Coursera/bin/python /Users/Armut/Desktop/High_D/src/main.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/Armut/Desktop/High_D/src/main.py", line 7, in <module>
from src.visualization.visualize_frame import VisualizationPlot
File "/Users/Armut/Desktop/High_D/src/visualization/visualize_frame.py", line 10, in <module>
from utils.plot_utils import DiscreteSlider
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'utils.plot_utils'
Edit (No errors, but I just get a blank picture):
Edit (I installed matplotlib 3.0.3 and got this):
The issue here is, that it is just a picture. If you can see there are buttons like "next". I should be able to click it so I can track it. But how does it work?
Do the following
from read_csv import *
import visualize_frame as vf
The reason why it was not working for you is because you were importing files that dont exist on your system. When you do from data_management.read_csv import *, what you are telling the Python interpreter to do is to search for a folder called data_management inside you're Coursera folder and get everything from read_csv.py.
This is the same case with visualize_frame. Since you have a flat directory structure, you dont need the folder names. You can directly import the .py files as is.
Another thing to note here is that I personally wouldn't do from read_csv import * because I will be flooding my namespace with a lot of things I probably wont use. I would rather use import read_csv as any_alias_you_like. This way I only fill my namespace with what I want by doing the following
x = any_alias_you_like.function_call()
The reason why I didn't do this with the main code solution is because I am not sure where all you are using read_csv functions and classes in your code and if that is not accounted for by prefxing the alias name properly, you will run into a multiple errors. So my advice is to identify all the funcutions/classes that you are using in read_csv.py and prefix them properly with an alias.
I also used the import statement for the visualize_frame differently. This is because, when you do a from import..., you are only partially initializing the module. However, a proper import visualize_frame will ensure that your entire module is initialized in one call and you can use everything it offers by simply prefixing the alias.
Read about the difference between from import and import... here.
Read about how Python searches for libraries here.
I am trying to import a function called page1 that contains other functions inside of it in a library file so that I can call it inside this file. However, this creates the following error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/antonios/numworks-math-libs/numworksMath.py", line 1, in <module>
import numworksLibs
File "/Users/antonios/numworks-math-libs/numworksLibs.py", line 1, in <module>
from numworksMath import page1
File "/Users/antonios/numworks-math-libs/numworksMath.py", line 35, in <module>
page1()
File "/Users/antonios/numworks-math-libs/numworksMath.py", line 29, in page1
numworksLibs.get_ordered_pair(ordered_pair_num, xs, ys)
AttributeError: partially initialized module 'numworksLibs' has no attribute 'get_ordered_pair' (most likely due to a circular import)
I think this is because the main script is importing the library, and the library is importing the main script (circular import). Is there a way that I can get around this in Python? I have tried all solutions from this website and made sure that none of the names conflicted with any Python built-in libraries, as previously mentioned in other posts on SO. get_ordered_pair is also defined in the library file.
library file import:
from numworksMath import page1
a snippet of the main script:
import numworksLibs
def page1():
page1 contains code that will run if the function is called without an input, and this happens when importing the file from the Python CLI.
You can guard your code by checking if the file is being run as a script or if it's being imported as a module. To do this you need to check if the current __name__ is set to '__main__'.
If your file looks like this:
def foo():
...
foo()
Simply change it to only run foo when __name__ is '__main__'
def foo():
...
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo()
Now foo will only automatically run if you call python on the file directly, and not if it is simply imported.
What you would really want to do in this situation is to create a separate file like #Carcigenicate mentioned. with all the code that you are importing more than once and have each script import this. For me, I made a file called main.py with all the code that needed to be imported more than once, and then both the library file and the main script importing this file.
I have a custom Python library ("common") that is being imported and used from several Python projects.
That central library has the following structure:
/common
/__init__.py
/wrapper.py
/util
/__init__.py
/misc.py
Our custom library resides in a central place /data/Development/Python, so in my Python projects I have an .env file in order to include our lib:
PYTHONPATH="/data/Development/Python"
That works fine, I can for example do something like:
from common.util import misc
However, now I want to make use of a class MyClass within common/wrapper.py from the code in common/util/misc.py. Thus I tried the following import in misc.py:
from ..wrapper import MyClass
But that leads to the following error:
Exception has occurred: ImportError
cannot import name 'MyClass'
Any ideas what I am doing wrong here?
PS: When I do an from .. import wrapper instead and then from code I use wrapper.MyClass, then it works fine. Does that make any sense?
It's finding wrapper, otherwise you'd get a different error:
>>> from wibble import myclass
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'wibble'
So it seems wrapper does not contain MyClass. Typo?
"However, now I want to make use of a class MyClass within common/wrapper.py from the code in common/util/misc.py. Thus I tried the following import in misc.py:"
If you do export PYTHONPATH=~/common
In order to import MyClass you will do:
from wrapper import MyClass
Because you have added common to your root folder, utils is already in your path since it is in you root folder.
Similarly, if you wanted to import from wrapper you would do from utils.misc import ThisClass since utils.misc is already in the root folder common
I am currently doing a personal coding project and I am trying to build a module, but I don't know why my structure doesn't work the way it's supposed to:
\mainModule
__init__.py
main.py
\subModule_1
__init__.py
someCode_1.py
someCode_2.py
\subModule_2
__init__.py
otherCode.py
I want to be able to run the following code from main.py:
>>> from subModule_1 import someCode_1
>>> someCode_1.function()
"Hey, this works!"
>>> var = someCode_2.someClass("blahblahblah")
>>> var.classMethod1()
>>> "blah blah blah"
>>> from subModule2 import otherCode
>>> otherCode("runCode","#ff281ba0")
However, when I try to import someCode_1, for example, it returns an AttributeError, and I'm not really sure why. Is it to do with the __init__.py file?
REVISIONS
Minimal, Complete and verifiable (I hope...)
\mainDir
__init__.py # blank file
main.py
\subDir
__init__.py # blank file
codeFile.py
Using this...
#main.py file
import subDir
subDir.codeFile.function()
And this...
#codeFile.py file
def function():
return "something"
...it returns the same problem mentioned above**.
** The exact error is:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\...\mainDir\main.py", line 2, in <module>
subDir.codeFile.function()
AttributeError: module 'subDir' has no attribute 'codeFile'
Credits to #jonrsharpe: Thanks for showing me how to use Stack Overflow correctly.
You have two options to make this work.
Either this:
from subdir import codeFile
codeFile.function()
Or:
import subdir.codeFile
subdir.codeFile.function()
When you import subDir, it does three things:
executes the code in mainDir/subDir/__init__.py (i.e. in this case does nothing, because this file is empty)
imports the resulting module under the name subDir locally, which will in turn make it an attribute of the mainDir module;
registers the new import globally in the sys.modules dictionary (because the import is being performed from a parent module mainDir, the name is completed to 'mainDir.subDir' for the purposes of this registration);
What it does not do, because it hasn't been told to, is import subDir.codeFile. Therefore, the code in codeFile.py has not been run and the name codeFile has not yet been imported into the namespace of mainDir.subDir. Hence the AttributeError when trying to access it. If you were to add the following line to mainDir/subDir/__init__.py then it would work:
import codeFile
Specifically, this will:
run the code in codeFile.py
add the resulting module as an attribute of the mainDir.subDir module
store a reference to it as yet another entry in sys.modules, this time under the name mainDir.subDir.codeFile.
You could also achieve the same effect from higher up the module hierarchy, by saying import subDir, subDir.codeFile instead of just import subDir in your mainDir.main source file.
NB: When you test this from the command line or IDE, make sure that your current working directory (queried by os.getcwd(), changed using os.chdir(wherever) ) is neither mainDir nor subDir. Work from somewhere else—e.g. the parent directory of mainDir. Working from inside a module will lead to unexpected results.
I have a module called imtools.py that contains the following function:
import os
def get_imlist(path):
return[os.path.join(path,f) for f in os.listdir(path) if f.endswith('.jpg')]
When I attempt to call the function get_imlist from the console using import imtools and imtools.get_imlist(path), I receive the following error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
File "C:\...\PycharmProjects\first\imtools.py", line 5, in get_imlist
NameError: name 'os' is not defined
I'm new at Python and I must be missing something simple here, but cannot figure this out. If I define the function at the console it works fine. The specific history of this module script is as follows: initially it was written without the import os statement, then after seeing the error above the import os statement was added to the script and it was re-saved. The same console session was used to run the script before and after saving.
Based on small hints, I'm going to guess that your code didn't originally have the import os line in it but you corrected this in the source and re-imported the file.
The problem is that Python caches modules. If you import more than once, each time you get back the same module - it isn't re-read. The mistake you had when you did the first import will persist.
To re-import the imtools.py file after editing, you must use reload(imtools).
Same problem is with me I am also trying to follow the book of Programming Computer Vision with Python by Jan Erik Solem" [http://programmingcomputervision.com/]. I tried to explore on internet to see the problem but I did not find any valuable solution but I have solved this problem by my own effort.
First you just need to place the 'imtools.py' into the parent folder of where your Python is installed like C:\Python so place the file into that destination and type the following command:
from PIL import Image
from numpy import *
from imtools import *
Instead of typing the code with imtools.get_imlist() you just to remove the imtools from the code like:
get_imlist()
This may solve your problem as I had found my solution by the same technique I used.