In this code I can't see why it isn't printing a hexagon 24 times. I tell it to make a 6 sided shape with 60 degrees between lines ( a hexagon) and tell it do turn 15 degrees each time. This ends up being a even 24 for the picture I'm trying to draw.
import turtle
Hex_Count = 0
x = turtle.Turtle()
x.speed(.25)
def Hexagon():
for i in range(24):
for i in range(6):
x.forward(100)
x.left(60)
Hex_Count = Hex_Count + 1
x.left(15)
print(Hex_Count)
Hexagon
But, for some reason, when I run this code the turtle screen pops up for about a half second then closes. How do I get it to perform in the way I want it to?
You have several errors that I corrected for you; I added the explanation in the comments:
import turtle
hexagons_count = 0
my_turtle = turtle.Turtle() # x is not a good name for a Turtle object
# my_turtle.speed(.25) # see #cdlane comment reported in a note under.
def draw_hexagon(): # use explicit names respecting python conventions (no camel case)
global hexagons_count # need global to modify the variable in the function scope
for idx in range(24): # use different dummy variable names in your loops
for jdx in range(6): # use different dummy variable names in your loops
my_turtle.forward(100)
my_turtle.left(60)
hexagons_count += 1
my_turtle.left(15)
print(hexagons_count)
draw_hexagon() # need parenthesis to call the function
turtle.exitonclick() # this to exit cleanly
Note: I know you simply copied it from the OP but my_turtle.speed(.25)
doesn't make sense as the argument should be an int from 0 to 10 or a
string like 'slow', 'fastest', etc. I especially don't understand why
beginners with turtle code that isn't working call turtle.speed() at
all -- it seems to me a function to be tweaked after everything is
working. #cdlane
You have some reference issue, you just need to put the variable hex_count where it needs to be so you don't have error accessing it.
import turtle
x = turtle.Turtle()
x.speed(.25)
def Hexagon():
Hex_Count = 0
for i in range(24):
for i in range(6):
x.forward(100)
x.left(60)
Hex_Count += 1
x.left(15)
print(Hex_Count)
Hexagon()
prints 24
You have several problems with your program. One is that it will when after running through the program, closing the window it created. You can add turtle.exitonclick() to the end of your script which tells python to wait for a click in the graphics window, after which it will exit.
The second problem is that you don't call the Hexagon function because you're missing the parentheses. Even if a function takes no arguments, you still need to call it like:
Hexagon()
The final problem is that you need to define Hex_Count before you try to increment it. Hex_Count + 1 will thrown an error if Hex_Count wasn't already assigned to. You can fix this by putting
Hex_Count = 0
before your for loop in Hexagon.
An approach different in a lot of the details but primarily in its use of circle() to more rapidly draw the hexagons:
from turtle import Turtle, Screen # force object-oriented turtle
hex_count = 0 # global to count all hexagons drawn by all routines
def hexagons(turtle):
global hex_count # needed as this function *changes* hex_count
for _ in range(24): # don't need explicit iteration variable
turtle.circle(100, steps=6) # use circle() to draw hexagons
turtle.left(15) # 24 hexagons offset by 15 degrees = 360
hex_count += 1 # increment global hexagon count
print(hex_count)
screen = Screen()
yertle = Turtle(visible=False) # keep turtle out of the drawing
yertle.speed('fastest') # ask turtle to draw as fast as it can
hexagons(yertle)
screen.exitonclick() # allow dismiss of window by clicking on it
Related
The objective is to move alien1, atarts from 0,0 then moves all the way to the right, goes down and then all the way to the left, and then down.
from tkinter import *
import random
def enemigos():
global Enemigos #Enemigos downloads the image for alien1
n = random.randint(1,3)
if n == 1:
def movalien1():
alien1 = CanvasJuego.create_image(0,0, anchor = NW, image = Enemigos[0], tags= ('alien1'))
RIGHT1 = True
CoordsAlien1 = CanvasJuego.coords(alien1)
if (CoordsAlien1[0] < 1000 and RIGHT1==True):
CanvasJuego.coords(alien1, CoordsAlien1[0]+5, CoordsAlien1[1])
if ((CoordsAlien1[0]+5)==1000):
RIGHT1 = False
CanvasJuego.coords(alien1, CoordsAlien1[0], CoordsAlien1[1]+50)
elif (CoordsAlien1[0]>0 and RIGHT1==False):
CanvasJuego.coords(alien1, CoordsAlien1[0]-5, CoordsAlien1[1])
if ((CoordsAlien1[0]-5)==0):
RIGHT1 = True
CanvasJuego.coords(alien1, CoordsAlien1[0], CoordsAlien1[1]+50)
def rec():
movalien1()
root.after(20,rec)
root.after(20,movalien1())
Alien1 does appear at (0,0), but it won't move.
The problem is that you create a new "alien" every 20 milliseconds. You should be creating alien1 exactly once outside of movalien1. What is happening is that you create it at 0,0, then move it to 5.0. The alien is at 5,0. The next time through the loop you create a new alien at 0,0, and then move it to 5,0. You keep creating new aliens over and over and moving the new alien to 5,0.
Also, you can use the move method to move an item instead of adjusting its coordinates.
Finally, even though it doesn't actually matter in this code, you are calling after incorrectly here: root.after(20, movealien1()). It needs to be either root.after(20, movealien1) or just directly call movealien1() without using after.
Hey I've been stuck on this issue for quite a while and was hoping someone could help me out:
I'm using pyglet and have got all of the code working in my project (even what I was having the issue with) then I restarted my computer and suddenly it didn't work...
This is the loop that is instantiating my 'Letter' objects:
main_st = ut.makeString("EXNXYXAXDAADUXMDXLGEQTAQXDDQSVXUTSXKHXHRXYFUXLXJUTHXYVADSUXKHUQUIXSJHXHDPKXFQUXILNXORMXRPL")
letter_list = []
for i in range(len(main_st)):
letter_list.append(l.Letter(pyglet.resource.image("Letters/" + main_st[i] + ".png"),main_st[i],10,10))
And this is the Letter class constructor Letter is a subclass of pyglet.sprite.Sprite:
def __init__(self,im,iden,xx,yy):
super(Letter,self).__init__(img=im,x=xx,y=yy)
At no point in the program do I modify the x and y coordinates of sprite but when I go to draw them, no matter what I put in for xx and yy they're always drawn in the same place on the window UNLESS I do a very large number for yy, and in those cases it simply disappears (I assume it's outside of the window).
I'm having each letter flash on the screen for 1 second and in order to do that here's my on_draw method
def on_draw():
background.draw()
if not key_manager.cur_letter == None:
key_manager.cur_letter.draw()
(only key_manager.cur_letter gets drawn and that switches every second).
The problem might be related to older versions.
But after calling super(Letter, self)... you could do:
def __init__(self,im,iden,xx,yy):
super(Letter,self).__init__(img=im,x=xx,y=yy)
self.x = xx
self.y = yy
And that should do the trick.
I'm trying to make Connect 4 in python, but I can't figure out how to get the coordinates of the screen click so I can use them. Right now, I want to draw the board, then have someone click, draw a dot, then go back to the top of the while loop, wipe the screen and try again. I've tried a couple different options but none have seemed to work for me.
def play_game():
"""
When this function runs, allows the user to play a game of Connect 4
against another person
"""
turn = 1
is_winner = False
while is_winner == False:
# Clears screen
clear()
# Draws empty board
centers = draw_board()
# Decides whose turn it is, change color appropriately
if turn % 2 == 0:
color = RED
else:
color = BLACK
# Gets coordinates of click
penup()
onscreenclick(goto)
dot(HOLE_SIZE, color)
turn += 1
As well intentioned as the other answers are, I don't believe either addresses the actual problem. You've locked out events by introducing an infinite loop in your code:
is_winner = False
while is_winner == False:
You can't do this with turtle graphics -- you set up the event handlers and initialization code but turn control over to the main loop event handler. My following rework show how you might do so:
import turtle
colors = ["red", "black"]
HOLE_SIZE = 2
turn = 0
is_winner = False
def draw_board():
pass
return (0, 0)
def dot(color):
turtle.color(color, color)
turtle.stamp()
def goto(x, y):
global turn, is_winner
# add code to determine if we have a winner
if not is_winner:
# Clears screen
turtle.clear()
turtle.penup()
# Draws empty board
centers = draw_board()
turtle.goto(x, y)
# Decides whose turn it is, change color appropriately
color = colors[turn % 2 == 0]
dot(color)
turn += 1
else:
pass
def start_game():
"""
When this function runs, sets up a new
game of Connect 4 against another person
"""
global turn, is_winner
turn = 1
is_winner = False
turtle.shape("circle")
turtle.shapesize(HOLE_SIZE)
# Gets coordinates of click
turtle.onscreenclick(goto)
start_game()
turtle.mainloop()
Run it and you'll see the desired behavior you described.
I'm assuming that your using Turtle in python(hence the name.)
If that's the case, Here's a link to a helpful post: Turtle in python- Trying to get the turtle to move to the mouse click position and print its coordinates
I know, i know. I hate just link answers as much as the next guy. But The post I gave a link to can probably do a much better job of answering your question than I can.
~Mr.Python
Assuming you're using turtle as mentioned in your title:
>>> import turtle
>>> help(turtle.onscreenclick)
Help on function onscreenclick in module turtle:
onscreenclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)
Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the
clicked point on the canvas.
num -- the number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen)
>>> onclick(goto)
>>> # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will
>>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point.
>>> onclick(None)
That means that your callback function, which you have apparently named goto, will take two parameters, an X and Y location.
import turtle
def goto(x, y):
print('Moving to {}, {}'.format(x,y))
turtle.goto(x, y)
turtle.onscreenclick(goto)
turtle.goto(0,0)
Each click that you make will move the turtle to a different position. Note that turtle already has an event loop - you don't need one of your own. Just respond to the clicks.
basically, you need to add an 'x' and 'y' parameter for the onclick and onscreenclick functions. You don't need to use them, they're just dummy params. After filling those out the clicks will work no problem:
window = turtle.Screen()
This function uses the x, y params because i'm saving the clicks in order to specify an area to fill with turtles
def on_left_click_save_coordinates(x, y):
global counter, Fill_COORS1, Fill_COORS2
counter += 1
print(x, y)
if counter == 1:
Fill_COORS1 = (x, y)
elif counter == 2:
Fill_COORS2 = (x, y)
counter = 0
This one doesn't use the x,y params because they are dummies, this one is used to allow multiple options, one of which exits, another tells the turtle to fill in the specified area saved in clicks above.
def on_right_click_open_options(x, y):
global going
last_color = options(window, filler, Fill_COORS1, Fill_COORS2, LAST_BLOCK_USED)
if type(Last_COLOR) == type(bool):
going = True
window.onscreenclick(on_click, btn=1)
window.onscreenclick(open_options, btn=3)
This is an example of a snippet of my code. hope this helps.
btn 3 refers to the right click
btn 1 is the default and isn't necessary to specify and refers to left click
btn 2 is the scroll wheel click, not scroll.
and sorry if this isn't formatted the best, it's my first time posting to stackoverflow. Hope it helps nonetheless
I simply want to use the turtle method onscreenclick to find the coordinates of a mouse click. Currently, I have a grid on which I am playing Othello. I already have the algorithm to convert the raw coordinates to specific grid coordinates that can be interpreted by the game. I cannot seem to get the onscreenclick method working. On the docs, it says to use a 'fun' function with two arguments. I believe I have this, but it is not working. I am a beginner with python and turtle so any help would be appreciated :)
import turtle
xclick = 0
yclick = 0
def getcoordinates():
turtle.onscreenclick(modifyglobalvariables())
def modifyglobalvariables(rawx,rawy):
global xclick
global yclick
xclick = int(rawx//1)
yclick = int(rawy//1)
print(xclick)
print(yclick)
getcoordinates()
You got so close!
import turtle
xclick = 0
yclick = 0
def getcoordinates():
turtle.onscreenclick(modifyglobalvariables) # Here's the change!
def modifyglobalvariables(rawx,rawy):
global xclick
global yclick
xclick = int(rawx//1)
yclick = int(rawy//1)
print(xclick)
print(yclick)
getcoordinates()
Catch the change? Syntactically, remove the parentheses after modfiyglobalvariables. What you want is to pass the function, what you are doing is passing the output of the function.
If you ran the code, you would get an exception (TypeError) saying you haven't passed the correct arguments; that's because it's trying to actually call modifyglobalvariables. Reduced, what you wanted was
bind_to_mouseclick( my_function )
In which case, at each mouse click, my_function will be called. At that point, it may or may not have the correct arguments supplied. Instead you said
bind_to_mouseclick( my_function() )
Python evaluates my_function and binds the result of the call to the mouse click. If my_function happens to return a function, that's great (maybe what we intended). If it returns an integer or a string, no good. The key is the exception, as noted above; if the function had required no arguments, this may have been subtler to detect
It's actually alot easier to detect where you clicked it. Here's the code:
from turtle import *
mouseclickx = 0
mouseclicky = 0
def findcoords(x,y):
print(x)
print(y)
mouseclickx = x
mouseclicky = y
onscreenclick(findcoords,1)
EDIT:
That doesn't work... well idk but it should be something like that :/ if you want a thing so it goes where you click, its one line;onscreenclick(goto,1)
from turtle import Turtle, Screen
screen = Screen()
def get_mouse_click(x, y):
print(x, Y)
screen.onscreenclick(get_mouse_click)
screen.mailoop()
I am currently in the process of making a new cannon game. How can I make it so that there is just one cannon, on the bottom left hand of the screen?
from graphics import *
from math import sqrt
from math import trunc
def PinR(p,r):
if p.getX()>=r.getP1().getX() and p.getX()<=r.getP2().getX()and p.getY()>=r.getP1().getY() and p.getY()<=r.getP2().getY():
return True;
else:
return False;
def distance(p1,p2):
dx=p1.getX()-p2.getX();
dy=p1.getY()-p2.getY();
dist=sqrt(dx*dx+dy*dy);
return dist;
#parameter
FieldWidth=700;
FieldHeight=700;
GroundDepth=75;
BallSize=10;
OriginalSpeed=4;
FieldBackground="brown";
FieldBorder="brown";
tickLength=800000;
buttonSize=8;
# number of cannons and balls
numBalls=4;
# initial cannon power
explosionStrength=30;
# intial gravitational constant
g=1;
# clock tick delay
delay=0.05;
#Create field
Field=GraphWin("B",FieldWidth,FieldHeight);
Field.setBackground(FieldBackground);
#set of balls
spacing=FieldWidth/(numBalls);
ball=[];
for b in range (0,numBalls):
newball=Circle(Point(spacing*b+spacing//2,FieldHeight-GroundDepth),BallSize);
newball.setFill("black");
newball.draw(Field);
ball.append(newball);
#cannon
cannon=[]
for c in range (0,numBalls):
newCannon=Rectangle(Point(spacing*c+spacing//2-BallSize,FieldHeight-GroundDepth-BallSize*5),
Point(spacing*c+spacing//2+BallSize,FieldHeight-GroundDepth+BallSize));
newCannon.setFill("black");
newCannon.draw(Field);
cannon.append(newCannon);
#set of button groups (fire, powerup, powerdown)
fire=[];
for f in range (0,numBalls):
newbutton=Rectangle(Point(spacing*f+spacing//2-buttonSize//2,FieldHeight-GroundDepth-BallSize),
Point(spacing*f+spacing//2+buttonSize//2,FieldHeight-GroundDepth-BallSize+buttonSize));
newbutton.setFill("red");
newbutton.draw(Field);
fire.append(newbutton);
#wall
#target(red,white,red,white)
balldistance=20;
ball1=Circle(Point(FieldWidth//2-20,FieldHeight//2+20),BallSize);
ball1.setFill("red");
ball1.draw(Field);
The reason you get 4 cannons is that you're doing this:
for c in range (0,numBalls):
… where numBalls is 4, and you create a new cannon each time through the loop.
Presumably with only 1 cannon you also only want one cannon ball and one shot, so just set numBalls = 1 instead of numBalls = 4.
However, it might make more sense to simplify the program while you're at it. Replace the lists of 4 cannons with a single cannon, get rid of the loop, do the same for the 4 balls, etc. Then you can also simplify the layout rules—no need for a spacing variable to configure how far apart the cannons are if there's only 1 of them. And so on. This might make it easier for you to understand how the program works—and figuring out how to simplify it might similarly be beneficial on its own.
And if you want to change its position, that's being set in this line:
newCannon=Rectangle(Point(spacing*c+spacing//2-BallSize,FieldHeight-GroundDepth-BallSize*5),
Point(spacing*c+spacing//2+BallSize,FieldHeight-GroundDepth+BallSize));
So, you can tweak the various constants (which all seem to have pretty reasonable names) to get the result you want—or, of course, just hardcode the position you want instead of calculating it.