As a novice when it comes to Python, I've tried programming my own game to start, with the advice of a guidebook. However, for this game, I'm trying to detect when a key is held down consistently instead of just pressed. The current code I'm using doesn't make the character move, and without the halt(self, evt) code being implemented, causes the ship to speed up uncontrollably after the button is held down for long enough.
from tkinter import *
import random
import time
class Game:
def __init__(self):
self.tk = Tk()
self.tk.title("Shooter")
self.tk.resizable(0, 0)
self.tk.wm_attributes("-topmost", 1)
self.canvas = Canvas(self.tk, width=500, height=1000, highlightthickness=0)
self.canvas.pack()
self.tk.update()
self.canvas_height = 1000
self.canvas_width = 500
self.bg = PhotoImage(file="background.gif")
w = self.bg.width()
h = self.bg.height()
for x in range(0, 5):
for y in range(0, 10):
self.canvas.create_image(x * w, y * h, \
image=self.bg, anchor='nw')
self.sprites = []
self.running = True
def mainloop(self):
while 1:
if self.running == True:
for sprite in self.sprites:
sprite.move()
self.tk.update_idletasks()
self.tk.update()
time.sleep(0.01)
class Coords:
def __init__(self, x1=0, y1=0, x2=0, y2=0):
self.x1 = x1
self.y1 = y1
self.x2 = x2
self.y2 = y2
class Sprite:
def __init__(self, game):
self.game = game
self.endgame = False
self.coordinates = None
def move(self):
pass
def coords(self):
return self.coordinates
class PlayerSprite(Sprite):
def __init__(self, game):
Sprite.__init__(self, game)
self.renderimage = [
PhotoImage(file="player_1.gif"),
PhotoImage(file="player_2.gif"),
PhotoImage(file="player_3.gif"),
PhotoImage(file="player_4.gif"),
]
self.image = game.canvas.create_image(225, 900, \
image=self.renderimage[0], anchor='nw')
self.x = 0
self.y = 0
self.velx = 0
self.current_image = 0
self.current_image_add = 1
self.shoot_timer = 0
self.last_time = time.time()
self.coordinates = Coords()
x_move = None
y_move = None
game.canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Left>', self.move_left)
game.canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Right>', self.move_right)
game.canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Up>', self.move_up)
game.canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Down>', self.move_down)
game.canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Left>', self.halt)
game.canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Right>', self.halt)
game.canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Up>', self.halt)
game.canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Down>', self.halt)
game.canvas.bind_all('<space>', self.shoot)
def move_left(self, evt):
x_move = self.x - 1.5
self.x = x_move
def move_right(self, evt):
x_move = self.x + 1.5
self.x = x_move
def move_up(self, evt):
y_move = self.y - 1.5
self.y = y_move
def move_down(self, evt):
y_move = self.y + 1.5
self.y = y_move
def halt(self, evt):
time.sleep(0.01)
if x_move < 0:
x_move = -1.5
elif x_move > 0:
x_move = 1.5
elif y_move < 0:
y_move = -1.5
elif y_move > 0:
y_move = 1.5
def shoot(self, evt):
print("Placeholder")
def move(self):
self.game.canvas.move(self.image, self.x, self.y)
def coords(self):
xy = self.game.canvas.coords(self.image)
self.coordinates.x1 = xy[0]
self.coordinates.y1 = xy[1]
self.coordinates.x2 = xy[0] + 24
self.coordinates.y2 = xy[1] + 32
return self.coordinates
g = Game()
sp = PlayerSprite(g)
g.sprites.append(sp)
g.mainloop()
My goal is to have my character move at a constant rate (as opposed to uncontrollably fast after a while) when the respective key is pressed.
The most straightforward solution to your question would be to avoid adding a value at every keypress, but rather set a constant value.
def move_left(self, evt):
x_move = -5
self.x = x_move
The movement would however lose its dynamic, but it will be constant. Otherwise, you could create a max value. Something like this:
def move_left(self, evt):
int max_val_left = -10
if( self.x < max_val_left):
x_move = self.x - 1.5
self.x = x_move
Thereby forcing self.x to remain capped and constant if it has reached the max_val.
Holding down a key is essentially the same as pressing that key repeatedly. What you're doing by adding to/subtracting from the self.x/self.y attributes in your move_* functions is you're increasing the amount that the canvas will move your player sprite in each function call (e.g. from 1.5 to 3 to 4.5 to 6, etc. as you hold down a direcitonal key).
Since the canvas will be moving your player by (self.x, self.y) units every time "move" is called under the "PlayerSprite" class, we want self.x and self.y to be either 0 or whatever speed you desire (1.5 in the following code). So instead of adding to self.x and self.y, we should assign it to a constant value:
def move_left(self, evt):
self.x = -1.5
def move_right(self, evt):
self.x = 1.5
def move_up(self, evt):
self.y = -1.5
def move_down(self, evt):
self.y = -1.5
Also, instead of using "halt", what you could do is include 'KeyRelease-*' bindings to stop your player once you've stopped holding down a directional key:
game.canvas.bind_all('KeyRelease-Left'>, self.stop_horz_move)
game.canvas.bind_all('KeyRelease-Right'>, self.stop_horz_move)
game.canvas.bind_all('KeyRelease-Up'>, self.stop_vert_move)
game.canvas.bind_all('KeyRelease-Down'>, self.stop_vert_move)
(I've generalized the left and right directions to horz as well as up and down to vert to save on the number of function definitions.)
Then you can create functions that assign your self.x value or self.y value to 0, so that your player doesn't move once "move" is called.
def stop_move_horz(self, evt):
self.x = 0
def stop_move_vert(self, evt):
self.y = 0
Related
This question already has an answer here:
Pygame game help: Easing/Acceleration
(1 answer)
Closed 2 years ago.
I'm trying to make blobs move in a random direction for several frames rather than just once so that it appears less jerky and more smooth, but have been unable to do so. Is there any way to make each object move in the same direction for several ticks before choosing another random direction and doing the same?
My code (most is irrelevant):
import pygame
import random
import numpy as np
WIDTH = 1800
HEIGHT = 1000
BLUE = (15,15,180)
RED = (150,0,0)
class Blob:
def __init__(self, colour, x_boundary, y_boundary, size):
self.colour = colour
self.size = size
self.x_boundary = x_boundary
self.y_boundary = y_boundary
self.x = random.randrange(0, self.x_boundary)
self.y = random.randrange(0, self.y_boundary)
def move(self):
self.x += random.randrange(-6,7)
self.y += random.randrange(-6,7)
def limits(self):
if self.x < 0:
self.x = 0
elif self.x > self.x_boundary:
self.x = self.x_boundary
if self.y < 0:
self.y = 0
elif self.y > self.y_boundary:
self.y = self.y_boundary
def __add__(self, other_blob):
if other_blob.size > self.size:
other_blob.size += int(self.size * 0.5)
self.size = 0
class FastBlob(Blob):
def __init__(self, colour, x_boundary, y_boundary, size):
super().__init__(colour, x_boundary, y_boundary, size)
def move(self):
self.x += random.randrange(-20,21)
self.y += random.randrange(-20,21)
pygame.init()
game_display = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH, HEIGHT))
pygame.display.set_caption('Blob world')
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
def is_touching(b1,b2):
return np.linalg.norm(np.array([b1.x,b1.y])-np.array([b2.x,b2.y])) < (b1.size + b2.size)
def handle_collisions(blob_list):
blues, reds, slow_reds = blob_list
for first_blobs in blues, reds, slow_reds:
for first_blob_id, first_blob in first_blobs.copy().items():
for other_blobs in blues, reds, slow_reds:
for other_blob_id, other_blob in other_blobs.copy().items():
if first_blob == other_blob:
pass
else:
if is_touching(first_blob, other_blob):
first_blob + other_blob
return blues, reds, slow_reds
def draw_environment(blob_list):
game_display.fill((210,210,210))
handle_collisions(blob_list)
for blob_dict in blob_list:
for blob_id in blob_dict:
blob = blob_dict[blob_id]
pygame.draw.circle(game_display, blob.colour, [blob.x, blob.y], blob.size)
blob.move()
blob.limits()
pygame.display.update()
def main():
blue_blobs = dict(enumerate([FastBlob(BLUE, WIDTH, HEIGHT, random.randrange(10,15)) for i in range(20)]))
red_blobs = dict(enumerate([FastBlob(RED, WIDTH, HEIGHT, random.randrange(5,10)) for i in range(30)]))
slow_red_blobs = dict(enumerate([Blob(RED, WIDTH, HEIGHT, random.randrange(20,30)) for i in range(5)]))
while True:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
quit()
draw_environment([blue_blobs, red_blobs, slow_red_blobs])
clock.tick(7)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Here, I have similar problem in my game, when enemy has to randomly change directions so it is unpredictable to the player.
def goblin_move(): #Goblin auto (random) movement
if goblin.x < 0:
goblin.go_right()
elif goblin.x > 500:
goblin.go_left()
else:
if goblin.x > (rnd_1 * win_width) and goblin.move_flag == -1:
goblin.go_left()
goblin.move_flag = -1
else:
goblin.go_right()
goblin.move_flag = 1
if goblin.x > (rnd_2 * win_width):
goblin.move_flag = -1
def set_random(rnd_1, rnd_2): #Random function generator
rnd_1 = round(random.uniform(0, 0.45), 2)
rnd_2 = round(random.uniform(0.65, 0.95), 2)
return rnd_1, rnd_2
And this is how I set it in the main loop:
if round(pg.time.get_ticks()/1000) % 3 == 0: #Calling random function
(rnd_1, rnd_2) = set_random(rnd_1, rnd_2)
Hope you will find it useful.
Use pygame.math.Vector2 to do the computations. Store the coordinates of the blob to a Vector2 and define a maximum distance (self.maxdist), a velocity (self.speed), a random distance (self.dist) a nd a random direction (self.dir). The random direction is a vector with length 1 (Unit vector) and a random angel (rotate()):
class Blob:
def __init__(self, colour, x_boundary, y_boundary, size):
self.colour = colour
self.size = size
self.x_boundary = x_boundary
self.y_boundary = y_boundary
self.x = random.randrange(0, self.x_boundary)
self.y = random.randrange(0, self.y_boundary)
self.pos = pygame.math.Vector2(self.x, self.y)
self.maxdist = 7
self.speed = 1
self.dist = random.randrange(self.maxdist)
self.dir = pygame.math.Vector2(1, 0).rotate(random.randrange(360))
When the blob moves, then scale the direction by the speed and add it to the position (self.pos += self.dir * self.speed). Decrement the distance (self.dist -= self.speed) and update self.x, self.y by the rounded (round) position. If self.dist falls below 0, the create a new random direction and distance:
class Blob:
# [...]
def move(self):
self.pos += self.dir * self.speed
self.dist -= self.speed
self.x, self.y = round(self.pos.x), round(self.pos.y)
if self.dist <= 0:
self.dist = random.randrange(self.maxdist)
self.dir = pygame.math.Vector2(1, 0).rotate(random.randrange(360))
In the method limit you have to ensure that self.pos is in bounds. Finally you have to update self.x, self.y:
class Blob:
# [...]
def limits(self):
if self.pos.x < 0:
self.pos.x = 0
elif self.pos.x > self.x_boundary:
self.pos.x = self.x_boundary
if self.pos.y < 0:
self.pos.y = 0
elif self.pos.y > self.y_boundary:
self.pos.y = self.y_boundary
self.x, self.y = round(self.pos.x), round(self.pos.y)
The class FastBlob does not need its own move method. It is sufficient do define its own self.maxdist and self.speed:
class FastBlob(Blob):
def __init__(self, colour, x_boundary, y_boundary, size):
super().__init__(colour, x_boundary, y_boundary, size)
self.maxdist = 35
self.speed = 5
I am beginner in Python and want just to make a red square that will move by pressed keys on keyboard. But after I had run this, only green canvas showed up, no red square. Here is the code:
Imports:
try:
import Tkinter
except:
import tkinter as Tkinter
import time
Here just some constants
__author__ = "Brano"
print(__author__)
GAME_WIDTH = 800
GAME_HEIGHT = 600
GAME_BG = 'green'
MOVE_SPEED = 10
Main class with initialization:
class Game(Tkinter.Tk):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
Tkinter.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
# Trigger Of Other Functions
self.x = GAME_WIDTH/2
self.y = GAME_HEIGHT/2
self.create_board()
self.create_men()
self.bind('<Any-KeyPress>',self.move)
Creating board:
def create_board(self):
self.board = Tkinter.Canvas(width=GAME_WIDTH, height=GAME_HEIGHT,
bg=GAME_BG)
self.board.pack(padx=10, pady=10)
return
Creating red square:
def create_men(self):
self.men = self.board.create_rectangle(300, 300, 310, 310, fill='red')
return
Move square after pressing keys:
def move(self, event=None):
key = event.keysym
if key=='Left':
self.x = MOVE_SPEED
elif key=='Right':
self.x = -MOVE_SPEED
elif key=='Up':
self.y = MOVE_SPEED
elif key=='Down':
self.y = -MOVE_SPEED
else:
pass
return
Just tkinter updates:
def TkUpdate(self):
self.update()
self.update_idletasks()
return
My main move update:
def GameUpdate(self):
self.board.move(self.men, self.x, self.y)
return
Checking if it is imported:
if __name__ == '__main__':
root=Game(className=" Snake Game ")
while True:
root.TkUpdate()
root.GameUpdate()
time.sleep(0.09)
else :
print("U cannot import me !")
Here is the canvas I have
Here is the whole class:
class Game(Tkinter.Tk):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
Tkinter.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
# Trigger Of Other Functions
self.x = GAME_WIDTH/2
self.y = GAME_HEIGHT/2
self.create_board()
self.create_men()
self.bind('<Any-KeyPress>',self.move)
def create_board(self):
self.board = Tkinter.Canvas(width=GAME_WIDTH, height=GAME_HEIGHT, bg=GAME_BG)
self.board.pack(padx=10, pady=10)
return
def create_men(self):
self.men = self.board.create_rectangle(300, 300, 310, 310, fill='red')
return
def move(self, event=None):
key = event.keysym
if key=='Left':
self.x = MOVE_SPEED
elif key=='Right':
self.x = -MOVE_SPEED
elif key=='Up':
self.y = MOVE_SPEED
elif key=='Down':
self.y = -MOVE_SPEED
else:
pass
return
def TkUpdate(self):
self.update()
self.update_idletasks()
return
def GameUpdate(self):
self.board.move(self.men, self.x, self.y)
return
Avoid calling update and sleep. Instead use after and mainloop. Your code should schedule your gameloop using after and enter the mainloop after setting up everything. Then keep scheduling the gameloop with after calls.
Your actual problem is you have confused using self.x and self.y as a position in the setup but then use these as a relative move in the game loop. So when you first call GameUpdate you move the rectangle by half the canvas size and it immediately moves out of view. Below is a version that uses these as the 'man' position and asserts the position using coords each time around the game loop.
import tkinter as tk
GAME_WIDTH = 800
GAME_HEIGHT = 600
GAME_BG = 'green'
MOVE_SPEED = 10
MAN_SIZE = 20
class Game(tk.Tk):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
# Trigger Of Other Functions
self.x = GAME_WIDTH/2
self.y = GAME_HEIGHT/2
self.create_board()
self.create_men()
self.bind('<Any-KeyPress>',self.move)
def create_board(self):
self.board = tk.Canvas(width=GAME_WIDTH, height=GAME_HEIGHT, bg=GAME_BG)
self.board.pack(padx=10, pady=10)
def create_men(self):
self.men = self.board.create_rectangle((self.x, self.y, self.x + MAN_SIZE, self.y + MAN_SIZE), fill='red', outline='black')
def move(self, event=None):
key = event.keysym
print(key)
if key=='Left':
self.x = self.x - MOVE_SPEED
elif key=='Right':
self.x = self.x + MOVE_SPEED
elif key=='Up':
self.y = self.y - MOVE_SPEED
elif key=='Down':
self.y = self.y + MOVE_SPEED
else:
pass
return
def game_loop(self):
self.board.coords(self.men, (self.x, self.y, self.x + MAN_SIZE, self.y + MAN_SIZE))
self.after(10, self.game_loop)
def main():
game = Game(className="Snake")
game.after(10, game.game_loop)
game.mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
I'm new to python and am working on a final project for my intro to python class. I have the majority of a paddle ball game done, but can't figure out how to make the ball object bounce off of my paddle object.
I've looked on Stackoverflow for a while and have spent a few hours trying to figure it out on my own without any success. If anyone has any ideas I could really use the help.
If there's anything I need to explain better in order for you to get a better understanding please just comment.
GUI FILE:
Import tkinter, random, particle, and helpers
from tkinter import *
from ball import *
from paddle import *
from time import *
class PaddleBall:
def __init__(self, window):
''' Construct the paddle ball GUI '''
self.window = window
self.window.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', self.safe_exit)
self.width = 700
self.height = 900
self.canvas = Canvas(self.window, bg='black', width=self.width, height=self.height, highlightthickness=0)
self.canvas.bind_all("<KeyPress-Left>", self.move_left)
self.canvas.bind_all("<KeyPress-Right>", self.move_right)
self.canvas.pack()
# Create a label to indicate instructions
instructions = Label(window, text="Controls: Left & Right Arrow Keys")
instructions.pack(side=BOTTOM, expand=YES)
# Create a button to clear Ball
restart_button = Button(window, text="Play", command=self.reset)
restart_button.pack(side=BOTTOM, expand=YES)
self.ball = Ball(350, 350)
self.paddle = Paddle(300, 850, 400, 860, 0, 0)
self.terminated = False
self.render()
def ballobject(self):
self.ball = Ball(350, 350)
self.paddle = Paddle(300, 850, 400, 860, 0, 0)
self.render()
def reset(self):
self.terminated = True
def safe_exit(self):
''' Turn off the event loop before closing the GUI '''
self.terminated = True
self.window.destroy()
# Render everything
def render(self):
# While program is not terminated
if not self.terminated:
# Erase Canvas
self.canvas.delete(ALL)
# Move ball
self.ball.move(self.canvas, self.paddle)
# Render ball
self.ball.render(self.canvas)
# Render paddle
self.paddle.render(self.canvas)
# use distance() to detect collision between ball and paddle.
'''Ball.bounce(self)'''
# Animate the particles movement
self.canvas.after(10, self.render)
else:
# Erase Canvas
self.canvas.delete(ALL)
self.terminated = False
self.canvas.after(50, self.ballobject)
def move_left(self, event):
self.paddle.move_left(event)
def move_right(self, event):
self.paddle.move_right(event)
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tk()
root.option_add('*font', ('Verdana', 12, 'bold italic')) # Found at http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/tkinter-widget-styling.htm
root.resizable(0,0) # Found at https://mail.python.org/pipermail/tutor/2001-September/008504.html
root.title('Paddle Ball')
root.wm_attributes("-topmost", -1)
app = PaddleBall(root)
root.mainloop()
BALL CLASS FILE:
class Ball:
'''
Ball models a single ball that may be rendered to a canvas
'''
def __init__(self, x, y, radius = 15,):
'''
Constructor
'''
self._x = x
self._y = y
self._velX = randint(-10,10)
self._velY = randint(-10,-5)
self._radius = radius
self._color = 'white'
self._tx = 350
self._ty = 400
self._t = ""
self._tfill = "red"
self._tfont = ("Arial", 35, "bold italic")
# This method renders the ball
def render(self, canvas):
canvas.create_oval(self._x - self._radius, self._y - self._radius, self._x + self._radius, self._y + self._radius, fill = self._color)
canvas.create_text(self._tx, self._ty, text = self._t, fill = self._tfill, font = self._tfont)
# This method moves the ball
def move(self, canvas, Paddle):
# Update Position
self._x += self._velX
self._y += self._velY
# If the ball hits any of the wall negate the velocity
if (self._x + self._radius > canvas.winfo_reqwidth() and self._velX > 0) or (self._x - self._radius < 0 and self._velX < 0):
self._velX = -self._velX
if (self._y + self._radius < 0 and self._velY < 0):
self._velY = -self._velY
if (self._y + self._radius > canvas.winfo_reqheight() and self._velY > 0):
self._velY = 0
self._velX = 0
self._t = " GAME OVER! \n Click the play button to play again."
#*****THIS IS WHAT I'M HAVING TROUBLE WITH******
# Determine if the ball hits the paddle
if ((self._x + self._radius > Paddle._x(self) and self._velX > 0) or (self._x + self._radius < Paddle._x2(self))) and (self._y < Paddle._y(self)):
self._velX = -self._velX
PADDLE CLASS FILE:
# Import math and helpers
from tkinter import *
import math
from gui import *
class Paddle:
def __init__(self, x, y, x2, y2, velX, velY):
'''
Constructor
'''
self._x = x
self._y = y
self._x2 = x2
self._y2 = y2
self._velX = velX
self._velY = velY
self._color = 'white'
def getpadx(self):
return self._x
def getpady(self):
return self._y
def getpadx1(self):
return self._x2
def getpady2(self):
return self._y2
# This method renders the paddle
def render(self, canvas):
canvas.create_rectangle(self._x, self._y, self._x2, self._y2, fill = self._color)
# This method moves the paddle
def move(self, canvas):
# Update Position
# If the paddle hits any of the wall negate the velocity
if (self._x + self._radius > canvas.winfo_reqwidth() and self._velX > 0) or (self._x - self._radius < 0 and self._velX < 0):
self._velX = -self._velX
def move_left(self, event):
self._x -= 35
self._x2 -= 35
def move_right(self, event):
self._x += 35
self._x2 += 35
I figured it out with the help of a friend. All I had to do was change this code:
From this:
if ((self._x + self._radius > Paddle._x(self) and self._velX > 0) or (self._x + self._radius < Paddle._x2(self))) and (self._y < Paddle._y(self)):
self._velX = -self._velX
To this:
`if (self._x > Paddle._x) and (self._x < Paddle._x2):
if (self._y + self._radius > Paddle._y):
self._velY = -self._velY
self._velX = self._velX + randint(-2,2)`
import numpy as np
import random
import pygame
background_colour = (255,255,255)
width, height = 300, 325
eps = 1
sigma = 1
dt = 0.05
class Particle():
def __init__(self):
self.x = random.uniform(0,400)
self.y = random.uniform(0,500)
self.vx = random.uniform(-.1,.1)
self.vy = random.uniform(-.1,.1)
self.fx = 0
self.fy = 0
self.m = 1
self.size = 10
self.colour = (0, 0, 255)
self.thickness = 0
def bounce(self):
if self.x > width - self.size:
self.x = 2*(width - self.size) - self.x
elif self.x < self.size:
self.x = 2*self.size - self.x
if self.y > height - self.size:
self.y = 2*(height - self.size) - self.y
elif self.y < self.size:
self.y = 2*self.size - self.y
def getForce(self, p2):
dx = self.x - p2.x
dy = self.y - p2.y
self.fx = 500*(-8*eps*((3*sigma**6*dx/(dx**2+dy**2)**4 - 6*sigma**12*dx/(dx**2+dy**2)**7)))
self.fy = 500*(-8*eps*((3*sigma**6*dy/(dx**2+dy**2)**4 - 6*sigma**12*dy/(dx**2+dy**2)**7)))
return self.fx, self.fy
def verletUpdate(self,dt):
self.x = self.x + dt*self.vx+0.5*dt**2*self.fx/self.m
self.y = self.y + dt*self.vy+0.5*dt**2*self.fy/self.m
def display(self):
pygame.draw.circle(screen, self.colour, (int(self.x), int(self.y)), self.size, self.thickness)
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
screen.fill(background_colour)
partList = []
for k in range(10):
partList.append(Particle())
running = True
while running:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
running = False
screen.fill(background_colour)
for k, particle in enumerate(partList):
for p2 in partList[k+1:]:
particle.getForce(p2)
particle.verletUpdate(dt)
particle.bounce()
particle.display()
pygame.display.flip()
pygame.quit()
Is my code correct? I tried to simulate particles in 2D move with Lennard Jones forces. I think calculating forces works okay but why my particles are moving to one point? Ocasionally I also get error OverflowError: Python int too large to convert to C long Any advice would be useful.
I can not comment on the physics of the simulation, but as far as the display is concerned following are my observations:
Your particles move to one point because the update condition for the x and y parameter in your code in verletUpdate are slowly moving to values beyond the display area. Also to values out of the range of the int() function which is causing your error. You can see this with the statement:
def verletUpdate(self,dt):
self.x = self.x + dt*self.vx+0.5*dt**2*self.fx/self.m
self.y = self.y + dt*self.vy+0.5*dt**2*self.fy/self.m
print self.x
print self.y
Sample Output:
290.034892392
9.98686293664
290.028208837
9.99352484332
-2.55451579742e+19
1.12437640586e+19
Also they saturate and with iterations, the update gets smaller and smaller:
def display(self):
print ' %s + %s '%(self.x,self.y)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, self.colour, (int(self.x), int(self.y)), self.size, self.thickness)
Output:
10.0009120033 + 10.0042647307
10.0009163718 + 10.0000322065
10.0009120033 + 10.0042647307
10.0009163718 + 10.0000322065
...
10.0009163718 + 10.0000322065
10.0009120033 + 10.0042647307
10.0009163718 + 10.0000322065
This is also why your bounce functions and your limit checking is not working. And after a lot of iterations on occasion your self.x and self.y are far exceeding the limits of int().
The code seems fine, but you can get rid of the overflow error by adding some checks above the draw line. For instance I initialized them randomly again to simulate a particle going off screen and us tracking a new one. Feel free to change it.
def display(self):
if(self.x<0 or self.x>height):
self.__init__()
print "reset"
if(self.y<0 or self.y>width):
self.__init__()
print "reset"
print ' %s + %s '%(self.x,self.y)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, self.colour, (int(self.x), int(self.y)), self.size, self.thickness)
Also at one point you adress the array as [k+1:], and addressing the zero element caused a divide by zero error. You might want to look at that.
trying to get the ball to move along the y coordinate, it wont work, more explanation at bottom
from livewires import games, color
games.init(screen_width = 640, screen_height = 480, fps = 50)
points = games.Text(value = 0, size = 25, color = color.green,
bottom = games.screen.height - 5, left = 10)
games.screen.add(points)
class Paddle(games.Sprite):
image = games.load_image("paddle.bmp")
def __init__(self):
super(Paddle, self).__init__(image = Paddle.image, y = games.mouse.y, right = games.screen.width)
def update(self):
""" Move to mouse x position. """
self.y = games.mouse.y
if self.top < 0:
self.top = 0
if self.bottom > games.screen.height:
self.bottom = games.screen.height
self.check_bounce()
def check_bounce(self):
for bouncingBall in self.overlapping_sprites:
bouncingBall.handle_bounce()
class BouncingBall(games.Sprite):
image = games.load_image("ball.bmp")
def __init__(self, x, y, dx, dy):
super(BouncingBall, self).__init__(image = BouncingBall.image, x = x, y = y, dx = dx, dy = dy)
def update(self):
""" Check if bottom edge has reached screen bottom. """
if self.top > 0 or self.bottom < games.screen.height:
self.dy = -self.dy
if self.left < 0:
self.dx = -self.dx
if self.right > games.screen.width:
self.end_game()
def handle_bounce(self):
global points
points.value += 10
points.left = 10
self.dx = -self.dx
def end_game(self):
end_message = games.Message(value = "GAME OVER",
size = 90,
color = color.red,
x = games.screen.width/2,
y = games.screen.height/2,
lifetime = 10 * games.screen.fps,
after_death = games.screen.quit)
games.screen.add(end_message)
def main():
background_image = games.load_image("background.png", transparent = False)
games.screen.background = background_image
the_paddle = Paddle()
games.screen.add(the_paddle)
games.mouse.is_visible = False
new_ball = BouncingBall(x = games.screen.width/2, y = games.screen.height/2, dx = 2, dy = 2) #<-believe it is right here im messing up
games.screen.add(new_ball)
games.screen.mainloop()
main()
I am having a horrible time at getting my ball to correctly follow the y coordinate, I believe I am doing it wrong when i create instance new_ball, (main function) but i have no idea lol, anyone see what im doing wrong?
Make sure that this line
if self.top > 0 or self.bottom < games.screen.height:
self.dy = -self.dy
Isn't constantly evaluating to True. If so, your y-velocity will constantly toggle and the ball will never appear to change y coordinate.