Hi I'm having a problem in this classes I created the parent class extracao_nia with the method aplica_extracao for having the similar part of the execution that I use in others class and the diferent part is in the transform method definined in the children class
but I'm having an issue that the variables that I defined as list() are Null variable when I execute the code:
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'append'
class extracao_nia:
def __init__(self, d=1, h=1, m=15):
self._data_base = "database"
self.UM_DIA = datetime.timedelta(days=d)
self.UMA_HORA = datetime.timedelta(hours=h)
self.INTERVALO = datetime.timedelta(minutes=m)
#property
def data_base(self):
return self._data_base
def aplica_extracao(self, SQL):
fim_intervalo = self.inicio + self.INTERVALO#
pbar = self.cria_prog_bar(SQL)#
while (fim_intervalo <= self.FIM):#
self.connector.execute(SQL,(self.inicio.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M'),fim_intervalo.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M')))#
for log in self.connector:#
self.transforma(log)
self.inicio = fim_intervalo
fim_intervalo = self.inicio + self.INTERVALO
class usuarios_unicos(extracao_nia):
def __init__(self, d=1, h=1, m=15, file='nodes.json'):
self._data_base = "database"
self.UM_DIA = datetime.timedelta(days=d)
self.UMA_HORA = datetime.timedelta(hours=h)
self.INTERVALO = datetime.timedelta(minutes=m)
self.file = file
self.ids = list()
self.nodes = list()
self.list_cpf = list()
def transforma(self, log):
context = json.loads(log[0])['context']
output = json.loads(log[0])['output']
try:
nr_cpf = context['dadosDinamicos']['nrCpf']
conversation_id = context['conversation_id']
nodes_visited = output['output_watson']['nodes_visited']
i = self.ids.index(conversation_id)
atual = len(self.nodes[i])
novo = len(nodes_visited)
if novo > atual:
nodes[i] = nodes_visited
except KeyError:
pass
except ValueError:
self.ids.append(conversation_id)
self.nodes = self.nodes.append(nodes_visited)
self.list_cpf = self.list_cpf.append(nr_cpf)
list.append returns None since it is an in-place operation, so
self.nodes = self.nodes.append(nodes_visited)
will result in self.nodes being assigned None. Instead you can just use
self.nodes += nodes_visited
I am trying to assign the return values of getItem and getBuyingType to the self variables in the __init__ method in my Ebay Scraper function. How can I do this? If it's not possible, is there another way to assign the outputs of these two functions to be part of the Ebay Scraper class? Item should be assigned to self.item and buying_type to self.buying_type.
class EbayScraper(object):
def __init__(self):
self.base_url = "https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_nkw="
self.item =
self.buying_type =
self.url_seperator = "&_sop=12&rt=nc&LH_"
self.url_seperator2 = "&_pgn="
self.page_num = "1"
self.currentPage = 1
def getItem(self):
item = input("Item: ")
return item
def getBuyingType(self):
buying_type = input("Please specify a buying type (Auction or Buy It Now): ")
buying_type = buying_type.lower()
if buying_type == "auction":
return buying_type + "=1"
elif buying_type == "buy it now":
return buying_type + "=1"
else:
print("Invalid buying type specified.")
self.getBuyingType()
You can call functions inside __init__ method
def __init__(self):
...
self.item = self.getItem()
The proper way to do this is to simply pass arguments to __init__ to initialize the values. If you want to provide an interactive method for providing those arguments, define a class method.
class EbayScraper(object):
def __init__(self, item, buying_type):
self.base_url = "https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_nkw="
self.item = item
self.buying_type = buying_type
self.url_seperator = "&_sop=12&rt=nc&LH_"
self.url_seperator2 = "&_pgn="
self.page_num = "1"
self.currentPage = 1
#classmethod
def prompt_user(cls):
item = input("Item")
while True:
buying_type = input("Please specify a buying type...").lower()
if buying_type in ('auction', 'buy it now'):
break
print("Invalid buying type specified")
return cls(item, buying_type + "=1")
e = EbayScraper.prompt_user()
I am obviously missing something fundamental here. Hopefully someone can put me right! TIA
I have an array of objects whose class contains instances of another object. But when I set a property for one of these then they all change.
class direction():
dest = -1
lock = ''
class room():
roomname = ''
desc = ''
n = direction()
s = direction()
w = direction()
e = direction()
item = ''
rooms = []
rooms.append( room() )
rooms.append( room() )
rooms.append( room() )
rooms.append( room() )
rooms.append( room() )
rooms[0].roomname = 'outside'
rooms[0].desc = ''
rooms[0].n.dest = 4
rooms[0].item = ''
rooms[1].roomname = 'hall'
rooms[1].desc = 'The hallway has doors to the east and south'
rooms[1].n.dest = 2
rooms[1].item = ''
if I iterate through the n.dest properties in the rooms list then all are returned as 2
It is as if the direction objects in each object in the rooms list are all a single instance and setting one value in one of them sets it for all of them.
Your attributes are all declared at class level, not instance level, meaning that every instance of the class will share the same values. I think you want:
class Room():
def __init__(self):
self.roomname = ''
self.desc = ''
self.n = direction()
self.s = direction()
self.w = direction()
self.e = direction()
self.item = ''
You're missing constructors, and therefore missing instance variables
You're defining class variables, so each variable is the same between all instances
In each class, you have declared a bunch of class attributes. An assignment like rooms[0].roomname = 'outside' creates an instance attribute that shadows room.roomname. However, you never actually make any such assignment to rooms[0].n, so each assignment to something like rooms[0].n.dest is adding an instance attribute dest to the same instance of direction shared by each instance of room.
In your attempt to "simplify" your code, you've made it more complicated. Define __init__ to set your instance attributes; class attributes are not used as often.
class Direction:
def __init__(self, dest, lock=''):
self.dest = dest
self.lock = lock
class Room:
def __init__(self, roomname, desc, item=''):
self.roomname = roomname
self.desc = desc
self.n = direction()
self.s = direction()
self.w = direction()
self.e = direction()
self.item = item
rooms = []
r = Room('outside', '')
r.n.dest = 4
rooms.append(r)
r = Room('hall', 'The hallway has doors to the east and south')
r.n.dest = 2
rooms.append(r)
Below I'm attempting to make a simple Keygen as a first project. Somewhere I'm getting the error the Self has not been defined.
I'm guessing it's probably something easy
import random
class KeyGenerator():
def __init__(self):
length = 0
counter = 0
key = []
Letters = ['a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l','m','n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x','y','z']
def KeyGen4(self):
while self.counter != self.length:
a = random.choice(self.Letters)
print a #test
r = (random.randint(0,1))
print r #test
if r == True:
a = a.upper()
else:
pass
self.key.append(a)
self.counter += 1
s = ''
self.key = s.join(key)
print self.key
return self.key
def start(self):
selection = raw_input('[K]eygen4, [C]ustom length Keygen or [N]umbers? >')
if selection == 'K' or 'k':
length = 4
keyGen4(self)
elif selection == 'N' or 'n':
KeyGenN(self)
elif selection == 'C' or 'c':
length = int(raw_input("Key Length: "))
#KeyGen4(self) # Change later after creating method with more options
start(self)
Your indention is wrong, but I assume this is only a copy-pasting issue.
That start(self) at the bottom doesn't make sense,
and indeed self is not defined there. You should create an instance of the class, and then call its start method:
KeyGenerator().start()
# or
key_gen = KeyGenerator()
key_gen.start()
You have two problems:
you miss indentation on every class-function
you must create an object of the class before you can call any of its functions
Your class should look like this
import random
class KeyGenerator():
def __init__(self):
length = 0
counter = 0
key = []
Letters = ['a','b','c','d','e']
def KeyGen4(self):
while self.counter != self.length:
a = random.choice(self.Letters)
print a #test
r = (random.randint(0,1))
print r #test
if r == True:
a = a.upper()
else:
pass
self.key.append(a)
self.counter += 1
s = ''
self.key = s.join(key)
print self.key
return self.key
def start(self):
selection = raw_input('[K]eygen4, [C]ustom length Keygen or [N]umbers? >')
if selection == 'K' or 'k':
length = 4
self.keyGen4()
elif selection == 'N' or 'n':
self.KeyGenN()
elif selection == 'C' or 'c':
length = int(raw_input("Key Length: "))
#KeyGen4(self) # Change later after creating method with more options
#now make an instance of your class
my_key_gen = KeyGenerator()
my_key_gen.start()
Please note that when calling class functions inside the class, you need to use self.FUNCNAME. All class functions should take "self" as argument. If that is their only argument then you simply call them with self.func(). If they take arguments you still ommit the self, as self.func(arg1, arg2)
I'm writing a class for a simple game of 4 in a row, but I'm running into a problem calling a method in the same class. Here's the whole class for the sake of completeness:
class Grid:
grid = None
# creates a new empty 10 x 10 grid
def reset():
Grid.grid = [[0] * 10 for i in range(10)]
# places an X or O
def place(player,x,y):
Grid.grid[x][y] = player
# returns the element in the grid
def getAt(x,y):
return Grid.grid[x][y]
# checks for wins in a certain direction
def checkLine(player,v,count,x,y):
x = x+v[0]
y = y+v[1]
if x < 0 or x > 9:
return
if y < 0 or y > 9:
return
if Grid.grid[x][y] == p:
count = count+1
if count == 4:
return True
checkLine(player,v,count,x,y)
return False
# returns the number of the player that won
def check():
i = 'i'
for x in range(0,10):
for y in range(0,10):
if Grid.grid[x][y] > 0:
p = Grid.grid[x][y]
f = checkLine(p,0,array(i,[1,0]),x,y)
if f:
return p
f = checkLine(p,0,array(i,[0,1]),x,y)
if f:
return p
f = checkLine(p,0,array(i,[1,1]),x,y)
if f:
return p
f = checkLine(p,0,array(i,[-1,0]),x,y)
if f:
return p
f = checkLine(p,0,array(i,[0,-1]),x,y)
if f:
return p
f = checkLine(p,0,array(i,[-1,-1]),x,y)
if f:
return p
f = checkLine(p,0,array(i,[1,-1]),x,y)
if f:
return p
f = checkLine(p,0,array(i,[-1,1]),x,y)
if f:
return p
return 0
reset = staticmethod(reset)
place = staticmethod(place)
getAt = staticmethod(getAt)
check = staticmethod(check)
checkLine = staticmethod(checkLine)
I'm trying to call checkLine() from check(), but I get the error "NameError: global name 'checkLine' is not defined". When I call Grid.checkLine() instead, I get "TypeError: 'module' object is not callable"
How do I call checkLine()?
EDIT:
#beer_monk
class Grid(object):
grid = None
# creates a new empty 10 x 10 grid
def reset(self):
Grid.grid = [[0] * 10 for i in range(10)]
# places an X or O
def place(self,player,x,y):
Grid.grid[x][y] = player
# returns the element in the grid
def getAt(self,x,y):
return Grid.grid[x][y]
# checks for wins in a certain direction
def checkLine(self,player,v,count,x,y):
x = x+v[0]
y = y+v[1]
if x < 0 or x > 9:
return
if y < 0 or y > 9:
return
if Grid.grid[x][y] == p:
count = count+1
if count == 4:
return True
checkLine(self,player,v,count,x,y)
return False
# returns the number of the player that won
def check(self):
i = 'i'
for x in range(0,10):
for y in range(0,10):
if Grid.grid[x][y] > 0:
p = Grid.grid[x][y]
for vx in range(-1,2):
for vy in range(-1,2):
f = self.checkLine(p,0,array(i,[vx,vy]),x,y)
if f:
return p
return 0
reset = staticmethod(reset)
place = staticmethod(place)
getAt = staticmethod(getAt)
check = staticmethod(check)
checkLine = staticmethod(checkLine)
Get rid of the class. Use plain functions and module level variable for grid.
The class is not helping you in any way.
PS. If you really want to call checkline from within the class, you'd call Grid.checkline. For example:
class Foo:
#staticmethod
def test():
print('Hi')
#staticmethod
def test2():
Foo.test()
Foo.test2()
prints
Hi
Syntax:
class_Name.function_Name(self)
Example:
Turn.checkHoriz(self)
A reworked example (hopefully showing a better use of classes!)
import itertools
try:
rng = xrange # Python 2.x
except NameError:
rng = range # Python 3.x
class Turn(object):
def __init__(self, players):
self.players = itertools.cycle(players)
self.next()
def __call__(self):
return self.now
def next(self):
self.now = self.players.next()
class Grid(object):
EMPTY = ' '
WIDTH = 10
HEIGHT = 10
WINLENGTH = 4
def __init__(self, debug=False):
self.debug = debug
self.grid = [Grid.EMPTY*Grid.WIDTH for i in rng(Grid.HEIGHT)]
self.player = Turn(['X','O'])
def set(self, x, y):
if self.grid[y][x]==Grid.EMPTY:
t = self.grid[y]
self.grid[y] = t[:x] + self.player() + t[x+1:]
self.player.next()
else:
raise ValueError('({0},{1}) is already taken'.format(x,y))
def get(self, x, y):
return self.grid[y][x]
def __str__(self):
corner = '+'
hor = '='
ver = '|'
res = [corner + hor*Grid.WIDTH + corner]
for row in self.grid[::-1]:
res.append(ver + row + ver)
res.append(corner + hor*Grid.WIDTH + corner)
return '\n'.join(res)
def _check(self, s):
if self.debug: print("Check '{0}'".format(s))
# Exercise left to you!
# See if a winning string exists in s
# If so, return winning player char; else False
return False
def _checkVert(self):
if self.debug: print("Check verticals")
for x in rng(Grid.WIDTH):
winner = self._check([self.get(x,y) for y in rng(Grid.HEIGHT)])
if winner:
return winner
return False
def _checkHoriz(self):
if self.debug: print("Check horizontals")
for y in rng(Grid.HEIGHT):
winner = self._check([self.get(x,y) for x in rng(Grid.WIDTH)])
if winner:
return winner
return False
def _checkUpdiag(self):
if self.debug: print("Check up-diagonals")
for y in rng(Grid.HEIGHT-Grid.WINLENGTH+1):
winner = self._check([self.get(d,y+d) for d in rng(min(Grid.HEIGHT-y, Grid.WIDTH))])
if winner:
return winner
for x in rng(1, Grid.WIDTH-Grid.WINLENGTH+1):
winner = self._check([self.get(x+d,d) for d in rng(min(Grid.WIDTH-x, Grid.HEIGHT))])
if winner:
return winner
return False
def _checkDowndiag(self):
if self.debug: print("Check down-diagonals")
for y in rng(Grid.WINLENGTH-1, Grid.HEIGHT):
winner = self._check([self.get(d,y-d) for d in rng(min(y+1, Grid.WIDTH))])
if winner:
return winner
for x in rng(1, Grid.WIDTH-Grid.WINLENGTH+1):
winner = self._check([self.get(x+d,d) for d in rng(min(Grid.WIDTH-x, Grid.HEIGHT))])
if winner:
return winner
return False
def isWin(self):
"Return winning player or False"
return self._checkVert() or self._checkHoriz() or self._checkUpdiag() or self._checkDowndiag()
def test():
g = Grid()
for o in rng(Grid.WIDTH-1):
g.set(0,o)
g.set(Grid.WIDTH-1-o,0)
g.set(Grid.WIDTH-1,Grid.HEIGHT-1-o)
g.set(o,Grid.HEIGHT-1)
print(g)
return g
g = test()
print g.isWin()
Unlike java or c++, in python all class methods must accept the class instance as the first variable. In pretty much every single python code ive seen, the object is referred to as self. For example:
def reset(self):
self.grid = [[0] * 10 for i in range(10)]
See http://docs.python.org/tutorial/classes.html
Note that in other languages, the translation is made automatically
There are multiple problems in your class definition. You have not defined array which you are using in your code. Also in the checkLine call you are sending a int, and in its definition you are trying to subscript it. Leaving those aside, I hope you realize that you are using staticmethods for all your class methods here. In that case, whenever you are caling your methods within your class, you still need to call them via your class's class object. So, within your class, when you are calling checkLine, call it is as Grid.checkLine That should resolve your NameError problem.
Also, it looks like there is some problem with your module imports. You might have imported a Module by name Grid and you have having a class called Grid here too. That Python is thinking that you are calling your imported modules Grid method,which is not callable. (I think,there is not a full-picture available here to see why the TypeError is resulting)
The best way to resolve the problem, use Classes as they are best used, namely create objects and call methods on those objects. Also use proper namespaces. And for all these you may start with some good introductory material, like Python tutorial.
Instead of operating on an object, you are actually modifying the class itself. Python lets you do that, but it's not really what classes are for. So you run into a couple problems
-You will never be able to make multiple Grids this way
the Grid can't refer back to itself and e.g. call checkLine
After your grid definition, try instantiating your grid and calling methods on it like this
aGrid = Grid()
...
aGrid.checkLine()
To do that you, you first need to modify all of the method definitions to take "self" as your first variable and in check, call self.checkLine()
def check(self):
...
self.checkLine()
...
Also, your repeated checking cries out for a FOR loop. You don't need to write out the cases.
Java programmer as well here, here is how I got it to call an internal method:
class Foo:
variable = 0
def test(self):
self.variable = 'Hi'
print(self.variable)
def test2(self):
Foo.test(self)
tmp = Foo()
tmp.test2()