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Python CLR Winforms - Passing data between .NET Winforms

I have a fairly simple task that has eluded me when using Python to generate and automate .NET WinForms. How do I pass data between forms?
I've tried everything: using global variables, using immutable strings, etc. and nothing seems to stick. Can someone show me an example, send me a link, or let me know what I am doing wrong? I have been at this for over a week and frustration is starting to mount.
Below is a (sloppy) example of taking data from one form - a string - and sending it to another form in a Textbox.
MYSTRING = ''
import clr
clr.AddReference("System.Windows.Forms")
clr.AddReference("System.Drawing")
from System.Windows.Forms import *
from System.Drawing import *
class MyForm(Form):
def __init__(self):
self.Text1 = TextBox()
self.Button1 = Button()
self.Button1.Location = Point(0, self.Text1.Bottom + 10)
self.Button1.Text = 'Send'
self.Controls.Add(self.Text1)
self.Controls.Add(self.Button1)
self.Button1.Click += self.Button1_Click
def Button1_Click(self, sender, args):
MYSTRING = self.Text1.Text
self.TopLevel = False
f2 = MyForm2()
f2.Show()
self.TopLevel = True
class MyForm2(Form):
def __init__(self):
self.Text2 = TextBox()
self.Controls.Add(self.Text2)
self.Load += self.MyForm2_Load
def MyForm2_Load(self, sender, args):
self.Text2.Text = MYSTRING
Application.EnableVisualStyles()
Application.SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(False)
Application.Run(MyForm())

So, I figured it out...again.
I had to set a python global variable within one of my events that triggers an event, like so...
def dgvExpanderInfo_CellDoubleClick_Event(self, sender, args):
global SelectedExpanderData_List
...
...then I could access whatever is in that globabl variable - in this case it was a list.
def MyForm2_Form_Load_Event(self, sender, args):
self.textbox1.Text = SelectedExpanderData_List[0]
self.textbox2.Text = SelectedExpanderData_List[1]
self.textbox3.Text = SelectedExpanderData_List[2]
...
I hope this helps others as I have found no real documentation on this anywhere.

How can I test a function that is embedded in a method

I recently started doing python. The course I was on ended with an introduction to testing with doctest. I have written a program that uses Tkinter to display widgets and it works :-) . I am using version 3.7. However, testing it is another matter. I can test simple functions and methods, but I hit difficulties when I have a function inside a method. I am pasting below a stripped-down version of what I am trying to achieve. I tried first with doctest and it threw up an error:
"AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'c_square'".
# counter.py
from tkinter import *
import doctest
count = 0
delay = 1000
class MyClass:
def __init__(self, master):
master.geometry("1000x500")
master.resizable(0, 0)
master.title("Display a counter")
frame1 = Frame(master)
frame1.pack()
label1 = Label(frame1, font = ('Courier', 15 , 'bold'))
label1.grid(row = 0, column = 0)
self.my_counter(label1)
label2 = Label(frame1, font = ('Courier', 15 , 'bold'))
label2.grid(row = 0, column = 1)
self.square_of_count(label2)
# This method recursively increments a counter and displays the count.
def my_counter(self, lbl):
def increment_count():
global count
global delay
count += 1
string = str(count)
lbl.config(text = string)
lbl.after(delay, increment_count)
increment_count()
# This method takes the square of the counter and displays the result.
def square_of_count(self, lbl):
def c_square():
global count
squ = count * count
string = str(squ)
lbl.config(text=string)
lbl.after(delay, c_square)
return squ
c_square()
def test_c_square(number):
"""
>>> test_c_square(2)
4
"""
global count
count = number
master = Tk()
frame1 = Frame(master)
label = Label(frame1, font = ('Courier', 15 , 'bold'))
return MyClass.square_of_count.c_square(MyClass.square_of_count.c_square)
def main():
""" # main body commented out for test purposes.
root = Tk()
a = MyClass(root)
root.mainloop()
"""
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
I am using a separate test function, so that I can initialise my counter.
Then someone suggested that I try unittest, so I wrote this :
import unittest
import counter
class TestCounter(unittest.TestCase):
counter.count = 2
print("count = ", counter.count)
def square_of_count(self):
result = counter.c_square()
self.assertEqual(result, 4)
result = counter.c_square()
self.assertNotEqual(result, 3)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
This runs without throwing up any errors, the purpose of it is to set a value to the variable 'count' and read back the result. But I get the same response whatever value I test for, so I do not believe it is working right. I also tried variations on a theme, but I just got error messages.
Can someone please point out what I am doing wrong, I have looked about various forums and tutorials but have not seen this question asked before.
I would appreciate an answer that is easy to follow, I am asperger / dyslexic and find it difficult to learn new material. A correction with explanation would be most helpful. Thank you.

First of all, avoid this kind of nesting the functions. In your particular case I would highly suggest refactoring of a code in manner of creating some help private methods which you will call from the main ones, or even create whole new utility class:
class Util:
def _init_(self):
self.name = "Utility"
def add_two_numbers(self, first, second):
if(isinstance(first, int) and isinstance(second, int)):
return first+second
class SomeFancyClass:
def __init__(self):
self.util = Util()
self.constant = 4
# This method recursively increments a counter and displays the count.
def my_fancy_math(self, first, second):
return self.constant * self.util.add_two_numbers(first, second)
FancyVar = SomeFancyClass()
print(FancyVar.my_fancy_math(5, 6))
In case you dont want to change your code (for some reason), there is extremely dirty way to access your inner function. Again, a bit stupidly modified example made from your code:
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# counter.py
from tkinter import *
import doctest
import types
count = 0
delay = 1000
class MyClass:
def __init__(self, smth1):
self.something = smth1
# This method recursively increments a counter and displays the count.
def my_counter(self, lbl):
def increment_count():
global count
global delay
count += 1
string = str(count)
lbl.config(text=string)
lbl.after(delay, increment_count)
increment_count()
# This method takes the square of the counter and displays the result.
def square_of_count(self, lbl):
def test_function1(self, first, second):
return first+second
def c_square():
global count
squ = count * count
string = str(squ)
lbl.config(text=string)
lbl.after(delay, c_square)
return squ
c_square()
def test_function(self, st1):
print(st1)
def test_c_square(number):
global count
count = number
master = Tk()
frame1 = Frame(master)
label = Label(frame1, font=('Courier', 15, 'bold'))
return MyClass.square_of_count.c_square(MyClass.square_of_count.c_square)
def main():
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# main()
print('done')
test_function = types.FunctionType(MyClass.square_of_count.__code__.co_consts[1],
{}, None, (), ())
obj = MyClass("Hi")
sum1 = test_function("", 1, 2)
print(sum1)

Button binding in Kivy Python

I am wondering how to get my code to work. I have a class wich creates a popup window with buttons. Each button should be bound to subclass. But it doesnt work. What´s wrong with my code?
class chooser:
def __init__(self):
None
def show(self,title,options=["NOTHING"],size=(.5,.5)):
self.bts = {}
self.response = False
self.content = FloatLayout()
self.content.pos_hint = {"y":0,"x":0}
# create buttons
pos_cntr = 0
for opt in options:
self.bts[pos_cntr] = Button(text=opt)
self.bts[pos_cntr].size_hint = 1,float(1)/float(len(options))
self.bts[pos_cntr].pos_hint = {"x":0,"y":pos_cntr}
self.bts[pos_cntr].bind(on_press=self.canceldia)
self.content.add_widget(self.bts[pos_cntr])
print "bound"
pos_cntr += float(1)/float(len(options))
self.pop = Popup(title=title,content=self.content,auto_dismiss=False)
self.pop.size_hint = size
self.pop.open()
def canceldia(self,instance):
print "closing"
self.response = instance.text
self.pop.dismiss()
def getresponse(self):
return self.response
I have imported all needed modules.
I execute it so:
c = chooser()
c.show("hello","world",["welcome","close","nothing","example"])
I have create a root widget. The popup works fine and all is created nice but the buttons are not bound. Please help me!

In your loop, you always reference self.bts[pos_cntr], so you override it in every iteration. How about this?
for idx, opt in enumerate(options):
self.bts[idx] = Button(text=opt)
self.bts[idx].size_hint = 1,float(1)/float(len(options))
self.bts[idx].pos_hint = {"x":0,"y":pos_cntr}
self.bts[idx].bind(on_press=self.canceldia)
self.content.add_widget(self.bts[idx])

How to kill the sleeping thread and the main process instantly?

I've wrote an little app to scroll an stock market ticker into a Tkinter window and update the stock values every minute using a threading class.
If I closed the window the main process didn't stops, then I've implemented a method to close the window and stop the thread. But when I close the window the main process delay the stopping to the next call to the theading.run() method.
How can I get that an instant closing process?
The code:
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.messagebox
import time
import threading
from random import randint as randint, uniform as randlimit
# Here starts the program working process, until here was the GUI
# CONSTANTS
CHAR_UP = "\u25B2"
CHAR_DOWN = "\u25BC"
CHAR_EVEN = "="
UPDATE_TIME = 60
# INITIAL DATA, this must be changed to implement the load of a external source
stock_market = [["GOOG", "587.25", CHAR_UP, "(+12.14)"],
["AAPL", "237.14", CHAR_UP, "(+7.25)"],
["GTAT", "87.47", CHAR_DOWN, "(-1.18)"],
["KNDI", "167.32", CHAR_UP, "(+6.85)"],
["ORCL", "482.91", CHAR_DOWN, "(-24.65)"],
["FBOK", "327.67", CHAR_DOWN, "(-11.78)"],
["TWTR", "842.41", CHAR_UP, "(+15.45)"]]
class AplicationTkinter(tk.Frame):
"""
Class of tkinter.Frame subclass, Initializes the GUI
constants:
SPEED, the delay in millisecs of the scroll
attributes:
parent, the root Tk object
"""
SPEED = 250
def __init__(self, parent):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.parent = parent
self._initGUI()
self._scroll_ticker()
self.parent.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW",self.stop)
# or toplevel.protocol(...
def _initGUI(self):
"""
initGUI, draws the layout.
"""
# changes the window icon
self.parent.iconbitmap("tabla.ico")
self.parent.title("Stock Exchange Ticker")
# fix a status bar at the bottom of the window, for future improvements
self.status_bar = tk.Label(self.parent, text="", bd=1, relief=tk.SUNKEN,
anchor=tk.W)
self.status_bar.pack(side=tk.BOTTOM, fill=tk.X)
# content Frame for entry, for future improvements
self.frame = tk.Frame(self.parent)
self.frame.pack()
self.var_entry = tk.StringVar()
self.entry = tk.Entry(self.frame, textvariable=self.var_entry)
self.entry.pack()
self.var_entry.set("a default value")
str_ent_1 = self.entry.get()
# content LabelFrame to show the ticker scrolling line of text
self.label_frame = tk.LabelFrame(self.parent,
text="Ventana de Resultados")
self.label_frame.pack()
# creates an instance of the StockMarket class for contents the data
self.market_one = StockMarket(stock_market)
# the scrolling line of Text for show the data
self.txt_ticker_widget = tk.Text(self.label_frame, background='black',
height=1, width=56, wrap="none")
self.txt_ticker_widget.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
self.txt_ticker_widget.tag_configure("up", foreground="green")
self.txt_ticker_widget.tag_configure("down", foreground="red")
self.txt_ticker_widget.tag_configure("even", foreground="white")
self.tag = {CHAR_DOWN: "down", CHAR_EVEN: "even", CHAR_UP: "up"}
def _scroll_ticker(self):
"""
scroll_ticker, inserts character by character in the Text widget
"""
self.txt_ticker_widget.configure(state=tk.NORMAL)
self.txt_ticker_widget.insert(tk.END,
self.market_one.get_next_character(),
self.tag[self.market_one.get_tag()])
# TODO simplify
self.txt_ticker_widget.see(tk.END)
self.txt_ticker_widget.configure(state=tk.DISABLED)
self.txt_ticker_widget.after(self.SPEED, self._scroll_ticker)
# recursive each interval of millisecs, constant SPEED
def stop(self):
if tk.messagebox.askokcancel("Quit?", "Are you sure you want to quit?"):
# self.destroy()
print("STOPPING !!")
self.market_one.thread_updating.stop()
self.destroy()
self.parent.quit()
class StockTicker():
"""
Class StockTicker, handle each stock symbol and their data
attributes:
symbol, string, the abbreviature of the securitie
price, string, the current price of the securitie
direction, string(1), is a character that indicates its las fix price
went up, down or even
change, string, is the value of the last change surrounded by '()',
the first character is '+' or '-'
"""
def __init__(self, list_data):
self.symbol, self.price, self.direction, self.change = list_data
def update_ticker(self):
"""
update_ticker, update the securitie price, direction and
change with random values
"""
flt_price = float(self.price)
if randint(0, 9) == 0:
self.direction = CHAR_EVEN
else:
increase_percent = randlimit(-5, 5)
# TODO implementar normalvariate(0, 0.02) o gauss(0, 0.02)
flt_change = flt_price * increase_percent / 100
flt_new_price = flt_price + flt_change
self.price = "{:.2f}".format(flt_new_price)
if flt_change < 0:
self.direction = CHAR_DOWN
elif flt_change == 0:
self.direction = CHAR_EVEN
else:
self.direction = CHAR_UP
self.change = "({:+.2f})".format(flt_change)
def ticker_to_text(self):
"""
ticker_to_text, returns a formatted string with all the data of
the securitie.
"""
return " | {} {} {} {} ".format(self.symbol, self.price,
self.direction, self.change)
class StockMarket():
"""
Class StockMarket, creates and handle a list of StockTicker objects,
and provide to the GUI of stuff for the scroll ticker
attributes:
smarket, list of StockTicker objects
thread_actualizar, Thread object to update the stock market
each time interval
"""
def __init__(self, l_inicial):
self.tickers = []
self.index = 0
self._load(l_inicial)
self.current_ticker = self._get_one_ticker()
self.thread_updating = UpdateThread(self)
self.thread_updating.start()
def _load(self, l_inicial):
"""
load_market, load the list with StockTicker object taking the data from
the initial source data.
"""
for data_ticker in l_inicial:
simple_ticker = StockTicker(data_ticker)
self.tickers.append(simple_ticker)
def update_market(self):
"""
update_market, update the objects of the list
"""
for ticker in self.tickers:
ticker.update_ticker()
def _get_one_ticker(self):
"""
get_one_ticker, getter function to return one securitie data in text
format and rotates to the next one
"""
self.one_ticker = self.tickers.pop(0)
self.tickers.append(self.one_ticker)
self.index = 0
return self.one_ticker.ticker_to_text()
def get_next_character(self):
"""
get_next_character, returns a character of one securitie
(if the securitie data is exhausted retrieve another securitie)
data to the GUI.
"""
if self.index == len(self.current_ticker):
self.current_ticker = self._get_one_ticker()
self.index = 0
character_symbol = self.current_ticker[self.index:self.index+1]
self.index += 1
return character_symbol
def get_tag(self):
return self.one_ticker.direction
class UpdateThread(threading.Thread):
"""
Class UpdateThread(), subclass of Thread, handle the time to the next
update of the stock market values
args:
market_1, a StockMarket class object to update
attributes:
my_check, string for debugging purpouses, it'll be implemented the
source data management the_market, StockMarket object that will
be updated
"""
def __init__(self, market_1):
self.my_check = " CHECK " # TODO replace with initial source data.
self.the_market = market_1
self.is_quit = False
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
def run(self):
"""
run, overrides the Thread run method, and calls the update_market
method of StockMarket class each interval
"""
time.sleep(UPDATE_TIME)
self.the_market.update_market()
print(" UPDATED!!!") # for debugging
if not self.is_quit:
self.run()
def stop(self):
"""
stop, for stopping the thread when event occurs
"""
self.is_quit = True
# STARTS THE PROGRAM
def main():
the_window = tk.Tk()
aplication = AplicationTkinter(the_window)
# init the GUI process
the_window.mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

NSMenuItem + Python + Dynamic Variables

I'm trying to get a dynamic label for a menu item in this. I've written the entire app in Python but honestly with how much NSMenuItem looks, I might as well rewrite it in Objc...
import objc
from Foundation import *
from AppKit import *
from PyObjCTools import AppHelper
class MyApp(NSApplication):
def finishLaunching(self):
# Make statusbar item
statusbar = NSStatusBar.systemStatusBar()
self.statusitem = statusbar.statusItemWithLength_(NSVariableStatusItemLength)
self.icon = NSImage.alloc().initByReferencingFile_('icon.png')
self.icon.setScalesWhenResized_(True)
self.icon.setSize_((20, 20))
self.statusitem.setImage_(self.icon)
#make the menu
self.menubarMenu = NSMenu.alloc().init()
self.menuItem = NSMenuItem.alloc().initWithTitle_action_keyEquivalent_('Click Me', 'clicked:', '')
self.menubarMenu.addItem_(self.menuItem)
self.quit = NSMenuItem.alloc().initWithTitle_action_keyEquivalent_('Quit', 'terminate:', '')
self.menubarMenu.addItem_(self.quit)
#add menu to statusitem
self.statusitem.setMenu_(self.menubarMenu)
self.statusitem.setToolTip_('My App')
def clicked_(self, notification):
NSLog('clicked!')
if __name__ == "__main__":
app = MyApp.sharedApplication()
AppHelper.runEventLoop()

Did you try setTitle_?
def clicked_(self, notification):
self.menuItem.setTitle_("Clicked!")
or with a timer:
def finishLaunching(self):
# ...
self.timer = NSTimer.alloc().initWithFireDate_interval_target_selector_userInfo_repeats_(NSDate.date(), 1.0, self, 'tick:', None, True)
NSRunLoop.currentRunLoop().addTimer_forMode_(self.timer, NSDefaultRunLoopMode)
self.timer.fire()
def tick_(self, arg):
self.menuItem.setTitle_("Tick %d!" % int(time.time()))
For live updates you probably need JGMenuWindow (SO: How to update NSMenu while it's open?)