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Can I run a python script in arcpy from a .bat file?

I am able to open ArcGIS from the batch file but in order for the script to run successfully I need to be able to run it off the python console within ArcGIS. I can copy and paste the code into the python console within ArcGIS but I want to be able to have the code entered into the console automatically just from the batch file. I'm using ArcGIS 10.6. Is there some file path I should be using?
Thanks in advance for any suggestions.

this is rather strange, I don't think I understand the problem here. You want to run Python code from a batch file in the Python console in ArcMap/ArcCatalog?
What is it you want to acomplish?
You can create a standalone Python script, load it in the console and run it.
If you want to schedule something you can create a Python script and run it in PowerShell or cmd.
If you want something to run in ArcMap/ArcCatalog you can create a model or a script and again can run this anywhere, put it in a toolbox, schedule it, whatever.
If you're a windows user first of all it's nice to have the path to python.exe (usually C:\Python27\ArcGIS10.x) in your environment variable so you can call it from anywhere. I think PATH should be updated when you install ArcGIS.
When you run Python code in the console you don't need to import arcpy, however you do need to import it if you will run it from the command line for example.
You can find a nice GDB administration example here:
https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.6/manage-data/geodatabases/using-python-scripting-to-batch-reconcile-and-post-versions.htm
Careful when dealing with absolute paths, then make sure you're running the script in the same directory.
If you want to define a workspace (some GDB, shapefile or a database connection file) you can reference them like this:
myGdb = r"D:\SomeFolder\MyGDB.gdb"
Hope this helps if it's relevant.

Welcome to the SO community. If I understand you correctly, you do want to run python script from ArcGis's console. You would rather run script from your windows/linux shell/cmd, yes?
SHORT: you should python libs of ARCGis, which you should put into PYTHONPATH enviroment variable. If you configure correctly PYTHONPATH enviroment, then you cound run python gis_script.py which utilize ArcGis.
LONG: sometimes you use libraries in python. If you install libraries in your system, before using this libraries, python interpreter should know about these libraries. This configuration is stored in PYTHONPATH enviroment. ArcGis is large python library.
-- edit --
look here: https://community.esri.com/thread/119922 or google: ArcGis PYTHONPATH

Python File Directory Can't be found

When I try to run my python file, I get the following error: "can't open file 'hello.py': [Errno 2] No such file or directory" I have tried cd and it shows that my file is in the Users/ierdna/ directory. I have the python program on my desktop and I still cannot run it.
Thanks very much!
It seems that I have tried everything, and nothing is working. :(

I am going to assume you know some of the basic BASH command line commands. If you don't check them out here.
Opening your terminal's respective shell, enter the following on your command line:
cd Desktop [to change directory to your desktop]
ls [to list all the directories and files on your desktop, to make sure your hello.py file is in fact there]
python hello.py [to run your python file]
That should run it. Let me know if you run into errors.

In order to properly answer this question the following information are required:
a. OS that you are using
b. Release version of that OS
c. Python version that you are using
d. If your machine has at least 10GB of free space
Kidding!
You just need to use cd ~/Desktop to make the 'Desktop' your working directory and then try to run python hello.py Alternatively you can also try running python ~/Desktop/hello.py directly without using 'cd' command. Note: In order to run a python script you need to provide the path(Either complete path, for example: python /home/username/Desktop/script.py or relative path, for example: python ../script.py) to the script. If you just provide the script name, it will fail unless the script exists in the current working directory. Also, kindly do check for existing questions and answers before posting your own question as I doubt this question is new and hasn't been answered correctly before.

I'm going to assume from you saying you used cd that you are using Mac or Linux. This solution will work for both. If I am wrong and you are running Windows, just comment it and I'll change the answer. On to the real answer:
First open your terminal, then type cd ~/Desktop. Now try running your python script.
EDIT:
Apparently you are running Windows. OK. I'm going to leave the above answer for other people who have the same problem on Mac or Linux. What you need to do is execute this command in your command prompt cd C:\Users\[your user name]\Desktop. Replace [your user name] with your actual user name. Then run your python script (python hello.py)

Python program needs full path in Notepad++

Not a major issue but just an annoyance I've come upon while doing class work. I have my Notepad++ set up to run Python code straight from Notepad++ but I've noticed when trying to access files I have to use the full path to the file even given the source text file is in the same folder as the Python program being run.
However, when running my Python program through cmd I can just type in the specific file name sans the entire path.
Does anyone have a short answer as to why this might be or maybe how to reconfigure Notepad++?
Thanks in advance.

The problem is that your code is assuming that the current working directory is the same as the script directory. This is not true in general. Of course it is true if you're in a cmd window, and you cd to the script directory before running it.
If you don't want to rely on that (e.g., because you want to be able to run scripts from Notepad++, or directly from Explorer), what you want to do is use the script directory explicitly. For example:
import os
import sys
scriptdir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0]))
with open(os.path.join(scriptdir, 'myfile.txt')) as f:
# etc.
If you have a ton of files that your scripts reference in a ton of places, it might be better to explicitly set the working directory. Just add one line:
os.chdir(scriptdir)
For anything beyond quick&dirty scripts, it's usually better to build an installable package and use pkg_resources to access the data files. Read the Tutorial on Packaging and Distributing Projects for more details. But as long as you're only hacking up scripts to help you maintain your specific system, the scriptdir solution is workable.

In the properties of the shortcut that you use to start Notepad++, you can change its working directory, to whichever directory you're more accustomed to starting from in Python. You can also begin your python program with the appropriate os.chdir() command.

Python 3.3.3 Running Files with Command Line

I just started learning Python 3.3.3 with the book "Learning Python" from O'Reilly by Mark Lutz, 4th Ed.
I was able to run code interactively, but when I tried to run the code from files through the command line, I just kept getting syntax errors.
FYI, I am using Windows 7.
The book asks that one create a file using a text editor with the following:
import sys
print(sys.platform)
print(2 ** 100)
x = 'Spam!'
print(x * 8)
I did this using notepad and saved the file with the suffix "py" and the file type "all.files" so there would not be a "txt" file saved. When I try to run the script in the python command I get an error message. I've tried entering the PATH but that as not worked either. It is located in C:\Python33\
Any guidance you are able to provide is very welcomed. I've tried numerous ways for the past 1 hour.

So, I have the following in my Path variable,
C:\Python27;C:\Python27\Scripts;
Is that what you have? Maybe close your command line and open it again, or shut your machine off and turn it on again--the system variables do not update instantly.

where have you saved your script?
what is the output of this?
cd C:\Python33; dir; python script1.py

First of all, make sure the file you saved as ".py" has the right ext instead ".txt", otherwise you can easly download "notepad ++" to save as the right extension".
If the file you saved is right, then you have to execute the "cmd.exe", and go to the "python33" folder using "cd c:\Python33" or where you have it, Once you're in the right directory, write "python PATH.py", where the PATH is the right path of the file.py, or you can just move the file into the cmd.
Hope it helps

Setting up a Python development environment on Windows

Yes, I've searched. So after spending about 4-5 hours struggling just to get Python files running, I recently stumbled over the solution to get it running through the environment variables like this: cmd -> python -> Python starts, yay yay
Since it didn't work to do it through the command line and similar I had to do it manually through the Windows interface. Now that it's working, however I cannot open .py files without typing out the full path like this: python C:\X\X\X\test.py which is obviously also starting to get annoying.
So now I'm trying to find out which variable I have to change (yet again) to only be able to type 'python test.py' and have it running. Sorry if I come off vague, but it's always a major pain to setup a new programming language for me and it kills my mood.
Thanks for help, it'll be really appreciated.

When you say
able to type 'python test.py'
I'm not sure exactly what you mean. Normally when the Python interpreter runs, it looks in the current directory for any source file that is named on the command line (unless you specifically name a location for the source file, as you've discovered). It seems from your previous statement:
python C:\X\X\X\test.py which is obviously also starting to get annoying
that your test.py file exists somewhere else.
What you might want to try is to change the current directory first, before running your script. In a command prompt window, type:
C:
cd \X\X\X
python test.py
(obviously substituting your actual path name). My apologies if you already know this.

To make python executable on your command line, you need to add it to your PATH environment variable, which it sounds like you have done on the command line. It is quite simple to add directories to the PATH in Windows if you know where to look. Essentially, you need to get to the Environment Variables dialog box, which is slightly different for each version of Windows.
For Windows XP: Start -> Control Panel -> System -> Advanced -> Environment Variables
For Windows Vista, 7: Click the Start Orb, right-click Computer and select Properties -> Advanced -> Environment Variables
Then, in the lower of the two boxes, find Path and click Edit. Change it so that C:\Python27 (or whichever version of Python you have) is at one end of the list, separated from the other entries by a semicolon (e.g. C:\Python27;C:\Program Files ...)
Once you've done this, python will work at the command line whenever you open a command window.
Regarding your second issue, however, there isn't much you can do. You must either specify the complete path to your script or already be in the same directory as the script. That is, if the script is in C:\X\X\X you will either need to invoke it as C:\X\X\X\test.py or first cd C:\X\X\X.