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How can I create multiple rect objects?

I am trying to make a block spawner like thingy in pygame. I've used lists to store x and y variables, but I can't make rects with these without using variables like rect1, rect2 ... How can I use lists or something else to have infinite amounts of rects?
My code is looking like that:
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800,600))
kares = []
karx = [0]
kary = [0]
karposx = 0
karposy = 0
k = 0
running = True
while running:
# screen.fill((0,0,0))
if k == 1:
karx[0] = pygame.mouse.get_pos()[0]
for i in range(len(karx)):
a = [karx[i], kary[i]]
kares.append(a)
for i in kares:
karposx = i[0]
karposy = i[1]
print(kares)
k+=1
rect1 = pygame.Rect(karposx,200,64,64)
# for i in kares:
# kares[i][1] -= 1
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
running = False
if event.type == KEYDOWN:
if event.key == K_RIGHT:
k += 1
if k >= 2:
k = 0
if k == 1:
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (255,0,0), rect1)
pygame.display.update()
Output

You have to create a list of rectangles. Create rectangles and add them to the list:
rect = pygame.Rect(x, 200, 64, 64)
rects.append(rect)
Draw the rectangles in a loop:
for rect in rects:
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (255,0,0), rect)
Minimal example based on your code:
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800,600))
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
rects = []
running = True
while running:
clock.tick(100)
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
running = False
if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
if event.button == 3:
x, _ = event.pos
x = (x // 64) * 64
if not any(r for r in rects if r.x == x):
rect = pygame.Rect(x, 200, 64, 64)
rects.append(rect)
print(len(rects))
screen.fill((0,0,0))
for rect in rects:
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (255,0,0), rect)
pygame.display.update()
pygame.quit()

How to properly Dirty rectangles for simple application: Logic Issue

I am currently just testing the waters with Pygame display as I am extremely new to the module.
Here is the code:
import pygame
pygame.init()
SCALE = 1
display_width = int(1200 * SCALE)
display_height = int(800 * SCALE)
x = (display_width * 0.45)
y = (display_height * 0.8)
transparent = (0, 0, 0, 0)
black = (0, 0, 0)
white = (255, 255, 255)
green = (44, 215, 223)
red = (255, 67, 34)
blue = (77, 77, 77)
count = 0
running = True
box1_image = True
box3_image = True
background = pygame.image.load('C:/Users/Justi/source/repos/03 Game/Game/assets/background.jpg')
dirty_spot = pygame.image.load('C:/Users/Justi/source/repos/03 Game/Game/assets/dirty.png')
background_resized = pygame.transform.scale(dirty_spot, (display_width, display_height))
background_rect = background_resized.get_rect()
gameDisplay = pygame.display.set_mode(background_rect.size)
pygame.display.set_caption("Game 1")
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
dirty_spot_resized = pygame.transform.scale(dirty_spot, (200, 200))
square_dirty_spot = dirty_spot_resized.convert()
rect_dirty_spot = square_dirty_spot.get_rect()
def dirtyspot1(imagex, imagey):
gameDisplay.blit(dirty_spot_resized, (imagex,imagey))
while running:
rects = []
if rects != []:
pygame.display.update(rects)
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.quit:
running = False
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_r:
running = False
#if box3_image: #Replacing the Bool passing variable with a simple loop count to trigger the else condition
if count < 50:
print("Test 1")
dirtyspot1(0,0)
pygame.display.update()
else:
print("Test 2")
dirty_rect = background.subsurface(rect_dirty_spot)
gameDisplay.blit(dirty_rect, (0,0))
rects.append(pygame.Rect(0,0, 200, 200))
gameDisplay.fill(white)
clock.tick(30)
count += 1
pygame.quit()
quit()
box1_image & box1_image are bool variables to flag certain condition which is passed from another function.
But I have gotten the passing of said variables working by doing a simple test with print("Test 2"). However, when it tries to blit dirty_rect. Nothing changes on the pygame display.
Assets (if needed):
background.jpg
dirty.png
May I check what is missing to properly "remove/delete" the dirty_spot blit? Thank you in advance.

import pygame
pygame.init()
SCALE = 1
display_width = int(1200 * SCALE)
display_height = int(800 * SCALE)
x = (display_width * 0.45)
y = (display_height * 0.8)
transparent = (0, 0, 0, 0)
black = (0, 0, 0)
white = (255, 255, 255)
green = (44, 215, 223)
red = (255, 67, 34)
blue = (77, 77, 77)
count = 0
running = True
box1_image = True
box3_image = True
background = pygame.image.load('background.jpg')
dirty_spot = pygame.image.load('dirty.png')
background_resized = pygame.transform.scale(background, (display_width, display_height))
background_rect = background_resized.get_rect()
gameDisplay = pygame.display.set_mode((display_width, display_height))
pygame.display.set_caption("Game 1")
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
dirty_spot_resized = pygame.transform.scale(dirty_spot, (200, 200))
square_dirty_spot = dirty_spot_resized.convert()
rect_dirty_spot = square_dirty_spot.get_rect()
show_dirt = False
def dirtyspot1(imagex, imagey):
gameDisplay.blit(dirty_spot_resized, (imagex,imagey))
while running:
rects = []
if rects != []:
pygame.display.update(rects)
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
running = False
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_r:
running = False
if event.key == pygame.K_d:
show_dirt = not show_dirt
if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
rect_dirty_spot.y -= 5
if event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
rect_dirty_spot.y += 5
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
rect_dirty_spot.x += 5
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
rect_dirty_spot.x -= 5
gameDisplay.blit(background_resized, (0,0))
if show_dirt:
gameDisplay.blit(dirty_spot_resized, rect_dirty_spot)
pygame.display.update()
clock.tick(5)
count += 1
pygame.quit()
quit()

like this? (I changed the FPS to 5 so it takes a while to change)
import pygame
pygame.init()
SCALE = 1
display_width = int(1200 * SCALE)
display_height = int(800 * SCALE)
x = (display_width * 0.45)
y = (display_height * 0.8)
transparent = (0, 0, 0, 0)
black = (0, 0, 0)
white = (255, 255, 255)
green = (44, 215, 223)
red = (255, 67, 34)
blue = (77, 77, 77)
count = 0
running = True
box1_image = True
box3_image = True
background = pygame.image.load('background.jpg')
dirty_spot = pygame.image.load('dirty.png')
background_resized = pygame.transform.scale(background, (display_width, display_height))
background_rect = background_resized.get_rect()
gameDisplay = pygame.display.set_mode(background_rect.size)
pygame.display.set_caption("Game 1")
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
dirty_spot_resized = pygame.transform.scale(dirty_spot, (200, 200))
square_dirty_spot = dirty_spot_resized.convert()
rect_dirty_spot = square_dirty_spot.get_rect()
def dirtyspot1(imagex, imagey):
gameDisplay.blit(dirty_spot_resized, (imagex,imagey))
while running:
rects = []
if rects != []:
pygame.display.update(rects)
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
running = False
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_r:
running = False
gameDisplay.fill(white)
#if box3_image: #Replacing the Bool passing variable with a simple loop count to trigger the else condition
if count < 50:
print("Test 1")
dirtyspot1(0,0)
else:
print("Test 2")
dirty_rect = background.subsurface(rect_dirty_spot)
gameDisplay.blit(dirty_rect, (0,0))
rects.append(pygame.Rect(0,0, 200, 200))
pygame.display.update()
clock.tick(5)
count += 1
pygame.quit()
quit()
I think you have misunderstood things. You can blit one image or surface on top of another, and you build things up like that, then blit them to the display and finally update the display.
You have this line:
background_resized = pygame.transform.scale(dirty_spot, (display_width, display_height))
which I assume should be background not dirty_spot.
I moved the call to display.update() out of the if loop, because you call display.update() last.

Dragging object along x-axis in pygame

I want to be able to drag the blue object along the x-axis (black line) using mouse so that it does not move in y-direction. When I try to drag it, nothing happens. Where is the problem?
import pygame
def initialize():
pygame.init()
global height, width
height = 600
width = 900
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
pygame.draw.line(screen, (0, 0 ,0), (0, height / 2), (width, height / 2), 3)
return screen
def object():
dragging = False
object_1 = pygame.rect.Rect(width / 4, height / 2 - 75, 50, 150)
if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
if event.button == 1:
if object_1.collidepoint(event.pos):
dragging = True
mouse_x, mouse_y = event.pos
offset_x = object_1.x - mouse_x
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONUP:
if event.button == 1:
dragging = False
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEMOTION:
if dragging:
mouse_x, mouse_y = event.pos
object_1.x = mouse_x + offset_x
return object_1
if __name__ == "__main__":
running = True
screen = initialize()
while running:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
running = False
object_1 = object()
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (0, 0, 250), object_1)
pygame.display.update()

You have to create the object once before the main application loop and you have to handle the events in the application loop.
Furthermore you have to redraw the entire scene in the application loop. The main application loop has to:
handle the events by either pygame.event.pump() or pygame.event.get().
update the game states and positions of objects dependent on the input events and time (respectively frames)
clear the entire display or draw the background
draw the entire scene (blit all the objects)
update the display by either pygame.display.update() or pygame.display.flip()
Add a function which creates an object:
def create_object():
object_1 = pygame.rect.Rect(width / 4, height / 2 - 75, 50, 150)
return object_1
Create an object before the application loop:
if __name__ == "__main__":
# [...]
object_1 = create_object()
while running:
# [...]
Add a function which can drag an object:
dragging = False
def drag_object(events, object_1):
global dragging, offset_x
for event in events:
if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
if event.button == 1:
if object_1.collidepoint(event.pos):
dragging = True
mouse_x, mouse_y = event.pos
offset_x = object_1.x - mouse_x
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONUP:
if event.button == 1:
dragging = False
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEMOTION:
if dragging:
mouse_x, mouse_y = event.pos
object_1.x = mouse_x + offset_x
Get the list of events once in the application loop and pass the events to the function drag_object:
while running:
# [...]
drag_object(events, object_1)
Clear the display, draw the scene and update the display in the application loop:
while running:
# [...]
screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
pygame.draw.line(screen, (0, 0 ,0), (0, height / 2), (width, height / 2), 3)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (0, 0, 250), object_1)
pygame.display.update()
See the example:
import pygame
def initialize():
pygame.init()
global height, width
height = 600
width = 900
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
return screen
def create_object():
object_1 = pygame.rect.Rect(width / 4, height / 2 - 75, 50, 150)
return object_1
dragging = False
def drag_object(events, object_1):
global dragging, offset_x
for event in events:
if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
if event.button == 1:
if object_1.collidepoint(event.pos):
dragging = True
mouse_x, mouse_y = event.pos
offset_x = object_1.x - mouse_x
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONUP:
if event.button == 1:
dragging = False
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEMOTION:
if dragging:
mouse_x, mouse_y = event.pos
object_1.x = mouse_x + offset_x
if __name__ == "__main__":
running = True
screen = initialize()
object_1 = create_object()
while running:
events = pygame.event.get()
for event in events:
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
running = False
drag_object(events, object_1)
screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
pygame.draw.line(screen, (0, 0 ,0), (0, height / 2), (width, height / 2), 3)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (0, 0, 250), object_1)
pygame.display.update()
Alternatively you can create a class for the object:
import pygame
def initialize():
pygame.init()
global height, width
height = 600
width = 900
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
return screen
class MyObject:
def __init__(self):
self.rect = pygame.rect.Rect(width / 4, height / 2 - 75, 50, 150)
self.dragging = False
self.offset_x = 0
def drag(self, events):
for event in events:
if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
if event.button == 1:
if self.rect.collidepoint(event.pos):
self.dragging = True
self.offset_x = self.rect.x - event.pos[0]
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONUP:
if event.button == 1:
self.dragging = False
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEMOTION:
if self.dragging:
self.rect.x = event.pos[0] + self.offset_x
def draw(self, surf):
pygame.draw.rect(surf, (0, 0, 250), object_1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
running = True
screen = initialize()
object_1 = MyObject()
while running:
events = pygame.event.get()
for event in events:
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
running = False
object_1.drag(events)
screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
pygame.draw.line(screen, (0, 0 ,0), (0, height / 2), (width, height / 2), 3)
object_1.draw(screen)
pygame.display.update()

When the code is runned, it shows a black screen than when i exit the code fires

# no errors were shown in the consle
import pygame
pygame.init()
# display size
width = 1800
height =1000
# colors
black = (0, 0, 0)
blue = (0, 0, 255)
white = (255, 255, 255)
green = (0, 255, 0)
red = (255, 0, 0)
aqua = (1, 255, 255)
# main display
gamedisplay = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
pygame.display.set_caption('Race Game') # the
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
# the car image
carImg = pygame.image.load('myCar.png')
# car
def car(x, y):
gamedisplay.blit(carImg, (x, y))
x = (width * 0.45)
y = (height * 0.8)
# events
crashed1 = False
x_change = 0
while not crashed1:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
crashed1 = True
# keybinds
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
x_change = -5
elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
x_change = 5
if event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT or pygame.K_RIGHT:
x_change = 0
x += x_change
# update loop
print(event)
gamedisplay.fill(white)
car(x, y)
pygame.display.update()
clock.tick(120)
pygame.quit()

Try to put 4 spaces or one tab before these commands and get
import pygame
pygame.init()
# display size
width = 1800
height =1000
# colors
black = (0, 0, 0)
blue = (0, 0, 255)
white = (255, 255, 255)
green = (0, 255, 0)
red = (255, 0, 0)
aqua = (1, 255, 255)
# main display
gamedisplay = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
pygame.display.set_caption('Race Game') # the
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
# the car image
carImg = pygame.image.load('myCar.png')
# car
def car(x, y):
gamedisplay.blit(carImg, (x, y))
x = (width * 0.45)
y = (height * 0.8)
# events
crashed1 = False
x_change = 0
while not crashed1:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
crashed1 = True
# keybinds
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
x_change = -5
elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
x_change = 5
if event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT or pygame.K_RIGHT:
x_change = 0
x += x_change
# update loop
print(event)
gamedisplay.fill(white)
car(x, y)
pygame.display.update()
clock.tick(120)
pygame.quit()

Getting TypeError: object of type 'bool' has no len() In a simple Snake game

Im creating a snake Pygame with a menu and am fine tuning the bugs and such when I come across the error
IndexError: list index out of range
the error actually appears after I open the tab itself and move the cursor over it
I have a faint idea of what it actually means but I am quite new to python and coding in general so I would appreciate it if someone could explain and show a solution,
thank you very much and here is the code
import pygame
import sys
import random
import time
pygame.init()
WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
YELLOW = (255, 255, 102)
BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
RED = (255, 0, 0)
DARKRED = (125, 0, 0)
GREEN = (0, 255, 0)
BLUE = (0, 0, 255)
screenWidth = 800
screenHeight = 800
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((screenWidth, screenHeight))
pygame.display.set_caption('Snake Game')
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
snakeBlock = 10
snakeSpeed = 15
fontTitle = pygame.font.SysFont("arial",100)
fontStyle = pygame.font.SysFont("ariel", 50)
scoreFont = pygame.font.SysFont("ariel", 35)
def score(score):
value = scoreFont.render(" Score: " + str(score), True, BLACK)
screen.blit(value, [50, 50])
def snake(snakeBlock, snake_list):
for x in snake_list:
pygame.draw.rect(screen, GREEN, [x[0], x[1], snakeBlock, snakeBlock])
def message(msg, colour):
msg = fontStyle.render(msg, True, BLACK)
screen.blit(msg, [screenWidth / 20, screenHeight / 2])
def gameLoop():
gameOver = False
gameEnd = False
instructions = False
game = True
intro = True
main = True
x1 = screenWidth / 2
y1 = screenHeight / 2
dx = 0
dy = 0
snakeList = []
snakeLength = 2
foodx = round(random.randrange(0, screenWidth - snakeBlock) / 10.0) * 10.0
foody = round(random.randrange(0, screenHeight - snakeBlock) / 10.0) * 10.0
def menu(titles):
buttonTitleFont = pygame.font.SysFont("arial", 52)
selection = []
rectWidth = 400
rectHeight = 60
x = int(screen.get_width()/2 - rectWidth/2)
y = 450
length = len(titles)
num = 0
hover = False
# creates the Rects (containers) for the buttons
for i in range (0,length,1):
choiceRect = pygame.Rect(x,y,rectWidth,rectHeight)
selection.append(choiceRect)
y += 100
#main loop in menu
menu = True
while menu:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
menu = False
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
if event.type ==pygame.MOUSEMOTION: # if mouse moved
hover = False
mx, my = pygame.mouse.get_pos() # get the mouse position
for i in range (length):
if selection[i].collidepoint((mx,my)): # check if x,y of mouse is in a button
num = i
hover = True
if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN and hover == True: #if mouse is in button
menu = False # and has been clicked
# draw all buttons
for choice in selection:
pygame.draw.rect(screen,WHITE,choice,0)
# redraw selected button in another colour
pygame.draw.rect(screen,GREEN,selection[num],0)
# draw all the titles on the buttons
x = int(screen.get_width()/2 - 150)
y = 450
for i in range(0,length,1):
buttonTitle = buttonTitleFont.render(titles[i],True,BLACK)
screen.blit(buttonTitle,(x,y))
y += 100
pygame.display.update()
return num
while main:
for event in pygame.event.get(): # check for any events (i.e key press, mouse click etc.)
if event.type ==pygame.QUIT: # check to see if it was "x" at top right of screen
main = False # set the "main" variable to False to exit while loop
while intro:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
main = False
intro = False
screen.fill(BLACK)
menuMain = ["Launch", "Instructions","QUIT"]
mainMenu = True
mainInt = True
while mainInt:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
main = False
intro = False
mainInt = False
screen.fill(BLACK)
#Centers the rendered tiles
textTitle = fontTitle.render("Snake", True, GREEN )
textW = textTitle.get_width()
textH = textTitle.get_height()
xTitle = int(screenWidth/2 - textW/2)
yTitle = int(screenHeight/4 - textH/2)
screen.blit(textTitle, (xTitle,yTitle))
pygame.display.update()
# in the intro, this asks the user where they would like to go
if mainMenu ==True:
choose = menu(menuMain)
if choose == 0:
menu = False
intro = False
mainInt = False
mainMenu = False
game = True
screen.fill(BLACK)
elif choose ==1:
menu = False
instructions = True
mainMenu = False
screen.fill(BLACK)
pygame.display.update()
else:
menu = False
main = False
intro = False
mainInt = False
mainMenu = False
while game:
if gameOver == True:
game = False
while gameEnd == True:
screen.fill(DARKRED)
message("You Lost! Press C to Play Again or Q to Quit", RED)
score(snakeLength - 1)
pygame.display.update()
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_q:
gameOver = True
gameEnd = False
if event.key == pygame.K_c:
gameLoop()
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
gameOver = True
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
dx = -snakeBlock
dy = 0
elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
dx = snakeBlock
dy = 0
elif event.key == pygame.K_UP:
dx = 0
dy = -snakeBlock
elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
dx = 0
dy = snakeBlock
if x1 >= screenWidth or x1 < 0 or y1 >= screenHeight or y1 < 0:
gameEnd = True
x1 += dx
y1 += dy
screen.fill(WHITE)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, RED, [foodx, foody, snakeBlock, snakeBlock])
snakeHead = []
snakeHead.append(x1)
snakeHead.append(y1)
snakeList.append(snakeHead)
if len(snakeList) > snakeLength:
del snakeList[0]
for x in snakeList[:-1]:
if x == snakeHead:
gameEnd = True
snake(snakeBlock, snakeList)
score(snakeLength - 1)
pygame.display.update()
if x1 == foodx and y1 == foody:
foodx = round(random.randrange(0, screenWidth - snakeBlock) / 10.0) * 10.0
foody = round(random.randrange(0, screenHeight - snakeBlock) / 10.0) * 10.0
snakeLength += 1
clock.tick(snakeSpeed)
pygame.quit()
quit()
gameLoop()

These lines:
mainMenu = True
if mainMenu ==True:
choose = menu(mainMenu)
mean that you are passing a bool (True is a type of bool) to your menu() function.
This is how the first argument of menu() is being used:
def menu(titles):
...
length = len(titles)
So like the error message says, you're trying to take the length of a boolean (e.g. len(True) does not make sense, so you get an error). You'll have to reconcile this on your own, I'm guessing you meant for main() to accept a list of menu titles rather than True or False