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making tic tac toe, code is complete without error messages but wont run?

This is my first project, I used a lot of resources from others with the same project and this is what I have come up with. I am using Jupyter notebook. I am not getting any more error messages in my code, but for some reason I can't get it to run? Also, any advice or improvements in my code would also be appreciated.
I've tried to just call the tic_tac_toe() command but nothing comes up and I'm not sure why.
def tic_tac_toe():
brd = [None] + list(range(1,10))
end = False
winner = ((1,2,3),(4,5,6),(7,8,9),(1,4,7),(2,5,8),(3,6,9),(1,5,9), (3,5,7))
from IPython.display import clear_output
def show_board():
print(brd[1]+'|'+brd[2]+'|'+brd[3])
print(brd[4]+'|'+brd[5]+'|'+brd[6])
print(brd[7]+'|'+brd[8]+'|'+brd[9])
print()
def player_input():
marker = ''
while marker != 'x' and marker != 'o':
marker = input('Do you want to be x or o?: ')
player1 = marker
if player1 == 'x':
player2 ='o'
else:
player2 = 'x'
player_markers = [player1,player2]
def choose_number():
while True:
try:
val = int(input())
if val in brd:
return val
else:
print('\n Please choose another number')
except ValueError:
print('\n Please choose another number')
def game_over():
for a, b, c in winner:
if brd[a] == brd[b] == brd[c]:
print("{0} wins!\n".format(board[a]))
print("Congrats\n")
return True
if 9 == sum((pos == 'x' or pos == 'o') for pos in board):
print("The game ends in a tie\n")
return True
for player in 'x' or 'o' * 9:
draw()
if is_game_over():
break
print("{0} pick your move".format(player))
brd[choose_number()] = player
print()
while True:
tac_tac_toe()
if input("Play again (y/n)\n") != "y":
break
I'm not sure why it is not running normally.

There's a couple things wrong with your code here. Your indentation for one. Also wondering why your functions are all in another function. You also create a bunch of functions but never call most of them. And have some functions that do not seem to exist. There are also a lot of logic errors here and there.
Try this instead:
# numpy is a package that has a lot of helpful functions and lets you manipulate
# numbers and arrays in many more useful ways than the standard Python list allows you to
import numpy as np
def show_board(brd):
print(brd[0]+'|'+brd[1]+'|'+brd[2])
print(brd[3]+'|'+brd[4]+'|'+brd[5])
print(brd[6]+'|'+brd[7]+'|'+brd[8])
print()
def player_input():
marker = ''
while marker != 'x' and marker != 'o':
marker = input('Do you want to be x or o?: ')
player1 = marker
if player1 == 'x':
player2 ='o'
else:
player2 = 'x'
player_markers = [player1,player2]
return player_markers
def choose_number(brd):
while True:
try:
val = int(input())
if brd[val-1] == "_":
return val
else:
print('\nNumber already taken. Please choose another number:')
except ValueError:
print('\nYou did not enter a number. Please enter a valid number:')
def is_game_over(winner, brd):
for a, b, c in winner:
if brd[a] != "_" and (brd[a] == brd[b] == brd[c]):
print("{} wins!\n".format(brd[a]))
print("Congrats\n")
return True
if 9 == sum((pos == 'x' or pos == 'o') for pos in brd):
print("The game ends in a tie\n")
return True
# I split this function in two because the "is_game_over" code was included here
# instead of being by itself.
def game_over(winner, brd, player_markers):
last = 0
# The first player is the one stored in "player_markers[0]"
player = player_markers[0]
# There are nine turns so that is what this is for. It has nothing to do with
# 'x' or 'o'. And one more turn is added for the "is_game_over" to work in
# case of a tie.
for i in range(10):
if is_game_over(winner, brd):
break
print()
print("{0} pick your move [1-9]:".format(player))
brd[choose_number(brd)-1] = player
show_board(brd)
# This is added to change from one player to another
# by checking who was the last one (look up ternary operators)
player = player_markers[1] if last==0 else player_markers[0]
last = 1 if last==0 else 0
def tic_tac_toe():
brd = ["_"] * 9
end = False
winner = ((1,2,3),(4,5,6),(7,8,9),(1,4,7),(2,5,8),(3,6,9),(1,5,9),(3,5,7))
winner = np.array([list(elem) for elem in winner]) - 1
player_markers = player_input()
show_board(brd)
game_over(winner, brd, player_markers)
while True:
tic_tac_toe()
if input("Play again (y/n)\n") != "y":
break

Score function for a flashcard game in python

I am trying to add a very simple score function to an also very simple flashcard game and I can't make the game remember the value of the variable containing the score (it always resets it 0). The score is obviously relying on the honesty of the user (and that's fine) that has to press "Y" when guessing the word.
from random import *
def add_score():
pos_score = 0
score = input("Press Y if you got the correct word or N if you got it wrong!" )
if score == 'Y':
pos_score += 1
print(pos_score)
def show_flashcard():
""" Show the user a random key and ask them
to define it. Show the definition
when the user presses return.
"""
random_key = choice(list(glossary))
print('Define: ', random_key)
input('Press return to see the definition')
print(glossary[random_key])
def add_flashcard():
""" This function allows the user to add a new
word and related value to the glossary. It will
be activated when pressing the "a" button.
"""
key = input("Enter the new word: ")
value = input("Enter the definition: ")
glossary[key] = value
print("New entry added to glossary.")
# Set up the glossary
glossary = {'word1':'definition1',
'word2':'definition2',
'word3':'definition3'}
# The interactive loop
exit = False
while not exit:
user_input = input('Enter s to show a flashcard, a to add a new card. or q to quit: ')
if user_input == 'q':
exit = True
elif user_input == 's':
show_flashcard()
add_score()
elif user_input == 'a':
add_flashcard()
else:
print('You need to enter either q, a or s.')
Some notes:
I am aware that right now only the positive score is implemented in the code, but I figured it would be better to proceed step by step and have that working first.

Problem
In your def add_score(), you initialise the variable to 0 every time. Also, it is a local variable, which means you can only reference it from within your function add_score(). This means that every time you exit that function, that variable is completely deleted.
Solution
You need to make that a global variable, that is, initialise it to 0 at the start of the game, and outside your function. Then inside your add_score you simply reference to the global variable and increase it without initialising it every time:
from random import *
def add_score():
score = input("Press Y if you got the correct word or N if you got it wrong!" )
if score == 'Y':
global pos_score
pos_score += 1
print(pos_score)
# Set up the glossary
glossary = {'word1':'definition1',
'word2':'definition2',
'word3':'definition3'}
# The interactive loop
pos_score = 0 #NOTE you initialise it here as a global variable
exit = False
while not exit:
user_input = input('Enter s to show a flashcard, a to add a new card. or q to quit: ')
if user_input == 'q':
exit = True
elif user_input == 's':
show_flashcard()
add_score()
elif user_input == 'a':
add_flashcard()
else:
print('You need to enter either q, a or s.')
Note I skipped the irrelevant functions. However, usually changing the scope of variables like this is considered bad practice. What you should do is either have a class -- a bit overly complicated for this example -- or return a value to add from your add_score and add that value in the main loop. This would be the code:
from random import *
def add_score():
score = input("Press Y if you got the correct word or N if you got it wrong!" )
if score == 'Y':
#global pos_score
#pos_score += 1
#print(pos_score)
return 1
return 0
def show_flashcard():
""" Show the user a random key and ask them
to define it. Show the definition
when the user presses return.
"""
random_key = choice(list(glossary))
print('Define: ', random_key)
input('Press return to see the definition')
print(glossary[random_key])
def add_flashcard():
""" This function allows the user to add a new
word and related value to the glossary. It will
be activated when pressing the "a" button.
"""
key = input("Enter the new word: ")
value = input("Enter the definition: ")
glossary[key] = value
print("New entry added to glossary.")
# Set up the glossary
glossary = {'word1':'definition1',
'word2':'definition2',
'word3':'definition3'}
# The interactive loop
pos_score = 0 #NOTE you initialise it here as a global variable
exit = False
while not exit:
user_input = input('Enter s to show a flashcard, a to add a new card. or q to quit: ')
if user_input == 'q':
exit = True
elif user_input == 's':
show_flashcard()
pos_score += add_score()
print(pos_score)
elif user_input == 'a':
add_flashcard()
else:
print('You need to enter either q, a or s.')

python calling definition by variable name

a python beginner here. My previous programming experience is with basic in the eighties, and logic programming in a proprietary system, neither of which is much help for learning python. So, to my question:
I'm writing a math quiz program (just for learning), and I've made a "main menu" by defining a function block; within it, if input is a then another func addition() is called, if input is s then func subtraction() is called and this works as intended. Within those function blocks, I'm setting a global variable quiztype to name of that function. Then I call yet another function again() from within those, to query if user wants another question of the same sort, if yes, I try to return to the relevant function with quiztype () and this fails with TypeError: 'str' object is not callable.
I did find some seemingly-related topics but either couldn't implement the answers or didn't even understand what they were talking about as I'm a beginner.
What options do I have for returning to the previously executed function?
Here's the code: (notice that variable names are not what above - different language)
from random import randint
def Alku ():
kysy = True
while kysy:
lasku = input('Yhteen, Vähennys, Lopeta? ')
if lasku == 'y':
Yhteenlasku ()
kysy = False
elif lasku == 'l':
break
kysy = False
def Uudestaan ():
kysy = True
while kysy:
samauudestaan = input('uudestaan? (k/e)? ')
if samauudestaan == 'k':
Lasku()
kysy = False
elif samauudestaan == 'e':
Alku ()
kysy = False
def Yhteenlasku ():
global Lasku
Lasku='Yhteenlasku'
n1=(randint(1,10))
n2=(randint(1,10))
a1=n1+n2
print(n1, end="")
print(" + ", end="")
print (n2, end="")
print(" = ", end="")
a2=int(input())
print()
if a1==a2:
print('oikein!')
elif a1!=a2:
print('väärin!')
Uudestaan()
Alku ()
And what is returned in terminal:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "laskut2.py", line 43, in <module>
Alku ()
File "laskut2.py", line 8, in Alku
Yhteenlasku ()
File "laskut2.py", line 41, in Yhteenlasku
Uudestaan()
File "laskut2.py", line 19, in Uudestaan
Lasku()
TypeError: 'str' object is not callable

Your code is fine as it stands, although your global declaration is in an odd place. Still, remove the inverted comma's around your definition of Lasku which is defining it as a string and it will work.
global Lasku
Lasku=Yhteenlasku
P.S. Welcome back to programming!
In response to your question, globals would normally be declared at the beginning of your code or when the data to define becomes available but in this case you are defining it as a function, so you can't define it until the function has been defined. I guess as long as it works, where it is is fine. Personally, in this case, I'd define it here:
global Lasku
Lasku=Yhteenlasku
Alku ()

We really need to see your code to see what you want to achieve but from the sound of it you want to do something like this. From the question it look like you will be recalling function within functions and returning functions, creating recursions which is not that pythonic and also will eventually throw errors and the other is not really needed in this situation. jedruniu has put really quite a good explanation on function variable assignment too.
Less robust version:
def addition():
pass # Put code here
def subtraction():
pass # Put code here
def menu():
while True:
cmd = input("Addition or subtraction? (a/s): ")
if cmd == "a":
addition()
elif cmd == "s":
subtraction()
menu()
Other version (w/ score):
def addition():
# Put code here
result = True
return result # Will be added to score, so any integer or True/False
def subtraction():
# Put code here
result = True
return result # Will be added to score, so any integer or True/False
def menu():
score = 0
while True:
cmd = input("Addition or subtraction? (a/s/exit): ").strip().lower()
if cmd == "exit":
break
elif cmd == "a":
score += addition()
elif cmd == "s":
score += subtraction()
else:
print("Unknown option...")
# Do something with score or return score
if __main__ == "__main__":
menu()

You can assign function to a variable (because function is in Python first-class citizen), so effectively, for example:
def fun1():
print("fun1")
def fun2():
print("fun2")
def fun3():
print("fun3")
f1 = fun1
f2 = fun2
f3 = fun3
functions = {
"invoke_f1" : f1,
"invoke_f2" : f2,
"invoke_f3" : f3
}
functions["invoke_f1"]()
function_to_invoke = functions["invoke_f2"]
function_to_invoke()
yields:
fun1
fun2
More reading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_function
In your specific example, modify your Uudestaan function.
def Uudestaan ():
Lasku = Yhteenlasku #Add this line
kysy = True
while kysy:
samauudestaan = input('uudestaan? (k/e)? ')
if samauudestaan == 'k':
Lasku()
kysy = False
elif samauudestaan == 'e':
Alku ()
kysy = False
because you were trying to invoke string, and this is not possible. Try to invoke type(Lasku) in your case and you'll see that it is of type str. Invoke it in function with my modification and you'll see type of function.
However I am not sure what is going on in this code, is this finnish? swedish?

Python(3.6)-How can I create a demo program that will create an object from the VotingMachine class I have created?

This is what I have so far. I have created this class:
class VotingMachine :
def __init__(self):
self._voteCount = 0
self._totalVote = 0
def DemVote(self, vote):
self._voteDemCount = self._voteDemCount + 1
self._totalDemVote = self._totalDemVote + vote
def RepVote(self, vote):
self._voteRepCount = self._voteRepCount + 1
self._totalRepVote = self._totalRepVote + 1
def getDemTally(self):
return self._totalDemVote
def getRepTally(self):
return self._totalRepVote
def clear(self):
self._voteCount = 0
self._totalVote = 0
and this is what I have so far for the demo program.
from votingmachine import VotingMachine
print("Presidential Election")
print("---------------------")
print("R -- Republican")
print("D -- Democrat")
print("X -- Stop")
userInput = input("Enter your vote (R/D/X): ")
My instructions for this are as follows-
Create a voteDemo program that will create one object from the VotingMachine class. The voteDemo program should display a menu, allow the user to enter multiple votes until an X is entered, then show the tally of the Democratic and Republican votes, and also show which candidate won the election.
Make sure to consider that the election could end in a tie.
I know I have probably missed something really simple, but I am a complete beginner at this and do not understand how to go about calling the methods to be able to display a menu, etc. I would really appreciate it if someone would take the time to explain what I need to do to finish this up.

To complete this assignment you need to know how to:
Compare strings
first = "a"
second = "b"
third = "b"
print(first == second) # prints False
print(second == third) # prints True
Use a while loop. For example:
looping = True
while looping:
userInput = input("Press X to leave the loop")
if userInput == "X":
looping = False
print("Left the while loop")
Call methods
class Animal:
def __init__(self):
print("Creating animal")
def make_sound(self, sound):
print("Making a sound...")
print(sound)
# Create an instance of the Animal class.
animal = Animal()
# Call a method. The self parameter implicitly refers to the instance, animal.
animal.make_sound("meow")
You can solve the problem by combining these tools.

Here's a simple loop to do what you want:
userInput = ''
voting_machine = VotingMachine()
while userInput != 'x':
userInput = input("Enter your vote (R/D/X): ").lower()
if userInput == 'd':
pass
elif userInput == 'r':
pass
elif userInput == 'x':
break
else:
print("Wrong input! Try again!")
print(voting_machine.getDemTally())
print(voting_machine.getRepTally())
print("Bye!")
Actually, the definition of your class, has some errors, you didn't define attributes like _voteRepCount before using them.

You can instantiate (create a instance of) a class in python with the following code: machine = VotingMachine().
You might also want to check the code in your DemVote and RepVote methods. self._voteDemCount and self._voteRepCount need to be initialized in your __init__ function and the methods do different things with vote.

Instantiate a voting machine: machine = VotingMachine().
Then run a loop, asking for a vote, feeding it to the machine, and showing the tallies in each iteration.

class VotingMachine:
def __init__(self):
self._totalVote = 0
self._voteDemCount = 0
self._voteRepCount = 0
def demVote(self):
self._voteDemCount += 1
self._totalVote += 1
def repVote(self):
self._voteRepCount += 1
self._totalVote += 1
def getDemTally(self):
return self._voteDemCount
def getRepTally(self):
return self._voteRepCount
def getTally(self):
return self._totalVote
def clear(self):
self._totalVote = 0
voteDemo
from VotingMachine import *
election = VotingMachine()
print("Presidential Election")
vote = ''
while vote != 'X':
print("---------------------")
print("R -- Republican")
print("D -- Democrat")
print("X -- Stop")
vote = input("Enter your vote (R/D/X): ")
if vote == 'X':
print("Tally votes: "+str(election.getTally()))
if election.getDemTally() > election.getRepTally():
print("Democrat WIN")
elif election.getDemTally() < election.getRepTally():
print("Republican WIN")
else:
print("Draw")
print("(D:"+str(election.getDemTally())+" , R:"+str(election.getRepTally())+")")
elif vote == 'R':
election.repVote()
elif vote == 'D':
election.demVote()
else:
print("Vote invalid!")

python: global name 'user_input' is not defined

I keep getting the error message "global name 'user_input' not defined. new to python and to SO, hope you can help. Here's my code. Sorry if it's a mess. just starting out and teaching myself...
def menu():
'''list of options of unit types to have converted for the user
ex:
>>> _1)Length
_2)Tempurature
_3)Volume
'''
print('_1)Length\n' '_2)Temperature\n' '_3)Volume\n' '_4)Mass\n' '_5)Area\n'
'_6)Time\n' '_7)Speed\n' '_8)Digital Storage\n')
ask_user()
sub_menu(user_input)
def ask_user():
''' asks the user what units they would like converted
ex:
>>> what units do you need to convert? meter, feet
>>> 3.281
'''
user_input = input("Make a selection: ")
print ("you entered", user_input)
#conversion(user_input)
return user_input
def convert_meters_to_feet(num):
'''converts a user determined ammount of meters into feet
ex:
>>> convert_meters_to_feet(50)
>>> 164.042
'''
num_feet = num * 3.28084
print(num_feet)
def convert_fahrenheit_to_celsius(num):
'''converts a user determined temperature in fahrenheit to celsius
ex:
>>> convert_fahrenheit_to_celsius(60)
>>> 15.6
>>> convert_fahrenheit_to_celsius(32)
>>> 0
'''
degree_celsius = (num - 32) * (5/9)
print(round(degree_celsius, 2))
def sub_menu(num):
'''routes the user from the main menu to a sub menu based on
their first selection'''
if user_input == '1':
print('_1)Kilometers\n' '_2)Meters\n' '_3)Centimeters\n' '_4)Millimeters\n'
'_5)Mile\n' '_6)Yard\n' '_7)Foot\n' '_8)Inch\n' '_9)Nautical Mile\n')
ask = input('Make a selection (starting unit)')
return
if user_input == '2':
print('_1)Fahrenheit\n' '_2)Celsius\n' '_3)Kelvin\n')
ask = input('Make a selection (starting unit)')
return

When you do:
user_input = input("Make a selection: ")
Inside the ask_user() function, you can only access user_input inside that function. It is a local variable, contained only in that scope.
If you want to access it elsewhere, you can globalise it:
global user_input
user_input = input("Make a selection: ")
I think what you were trying was to return the output and then use it. You kind of got it, but instead of ask_user(), you have to put the returned data into a variable. So:
user_input = ask_user()
THere's no need to globalise the variable (as I showed above) if you use this method.

In your menu function, change the line that says ask_user() to user_input = ask_user().