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How do I make a macOS app out of my Python program?

I've made this question because I had to go through the whole process of creating my own application using Apple's somewhat lacking documentation, and without the use of py2app. I wanted to create the whole application structure so I know exactly what was inside, as well as create an installer for it. The latter of these is still a mystery, so any additional answers with information on making a custom installer would be appreciated. As far as the actual "bundle" structure goes, however, I think I've managed to get the basics down. See the answer below.

Edit: A tutorial has been linked at the end of this answer on using PyInstaller; I don't know how much it helps as I haven't used it yet, but I have yet to figure out how to make a standalone Python application without the use of a tool like this and it may just be what you're looking for if you wish to distribute your application without relying on users knowing how to navigate their Python installations.
A generic application is really just a directory with a .app extension. So, in order to build your application, just make the folder without the extension first. You can rename it later when you're finished putting it all together. Inside this main folder will be a Contents folder, which will hold everything your application needs. Finally, inside Contents, you will place a few things:
Info.plist
MacOS
Resources
Frameworks
Here you can find some information on how to write your Info.plist file. Basically, this is where you detail information about your application.
Inside the MacOS you want to place your main executable. I'm not sure that it matters how you write it; at first, I just had a shell script that called python3 ./../Resources/MyApp.py. I didn't think this was very neat though, so eventually I called the GUI from a Python script which became my executable (I used Tkinter to build my application's GUI, and I wrote several modules which I will get to later). So now, my executable was a Python script with a shebang pointing to the Python framework in my application's Frameworks folder, and this script just created an instance of my custom Tk() subclass and ran the mainloop. Both methods worked, though, so unless someone points out a reason to choose one method over the other, feel free to pick. The one thing that I believe is necessary, is that you name your executable the SAME as your application (before adding the .app). That, I believe, is the only way that MacOS knows to use that file as your application's executable. Here is a source that describes the bundle structure in more detail; it's not a necessary read unless you really want to get into it.
In order to make your executable run smoothly, you want to make sure you know where your Python installation is. If you're like me, the first thing you tried doing on your new Mac was open up Terminal and type in python3. If this is the case, this prompted you to install the Xcode Command Line tools, which include an installation of Python 3.8.2 (most recent on Xcode 12). Then, this Python installation would be located at /usr/bin/python3, although it's actually using the Python framework located at
/Applications/Xcode.app/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.8/bin/python3
I believe, but am NOT CERTAIN, that you could simply make a copy of this framework and add it to your Frameworks folder in order to make the app portable. Make a copy of the Python3.framework folder, and add it to your app's Frameworks folder. A quick side note to be wary of; Xcode comes packaged with a lot of useful tools. In my current progress, the tool I am most hurting for is the Fortran compiler (that I believe comes as a part of GCC), which comes with Xcode. I need this to build SciPy with pip install scipy. I'm sure this is not the only package that would require tools that Xcode provides, but SciPy is a pretty popular package and I am currently facing this limitation. I think by copying the Python framework you still lose some of the symlinks that point to Xcode tools, so any additional input on this would be great.
In any case, locate the Python framework that you use to develop your programs, and copy it into the Frameworks folder.
Finally, the Resources folder. Here, place any modules that you wrote for your Python app. You also want to put your application's icon file here. Just make sure you indicate the name of the icon file, with extension, in the Info.plist file. Also, make sure that your executable knows how to access any modules you place in here. You can achieve this with
import os
os.chdir('./../Resources')
import MyModules
Finally, make sure that any dependencies your application requires are located in the Python framework site-packages. These will be located in Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.X.Y/lib/python3.x.y/site-packages/. If you call this specific installation of Python from the command line, you can use path/to/application/python3 -m pip install package and it should place the packages in the correct folder.
P.S. As far as building the installer for this application, there are a few more steps needed before your application is readily downloaded. For instance, I believe you need to use the codesign tool in order to approve your application for MacOS Gatekeeper. This requires having a developer license and manipulating certificates, which I'm not familiar with. You can still distribute the app, but anyone who downloads it will have to bypass the security features manually and it will seem a bit sketchy. If you're ready to build the installer (.pkg) file, take a look at the docs for productbuild; I used it and it works, but I don't yet know how to create custom steps and descriptions in the installer.
Additional resources:
A somewhat more detailed guide to the anatomy of a macOS app
A guide I found, but didn't use, on using codesign to get your app past Gatekeeper
A RealPython tutorial I found on using PyInstaller to build Python-based applications for all platforms

Python - Including external libraries in version control

We are a small team trying to work on a python project using eclipse + pydev.
For our version control we use cloudforge SVN and the subclipse plugin.
I am trying to figure out what is the right way to include external libs which are normally installed
locally to the python in Lib/site-packages.
I tried several ways but some of them made some complications.
I am looking for the best-practice method for this matter.
Thanks in advance!

Use svn:externals. Example:
svn propset svn:externals 'akismet http://plugins.svn.wordpress.org/akismet/trunk'
svn commit
Your next update is going to incorporate the external source from http://plugins.svn.wordpress.org/akismet/trunk in the akismet directory. Hope that helps...

How do I package/distribute a Python 2.7 application with selenium?

I am fairly new to Python and I have developed a program that has a Tkinter GUI and uses selenium WebDriver to scrape information. I need to find a way to package all of this so that it can be used on other computers. I call three extra modules (selenium, openpyxl, BeautifulSoup) in my script. Is there a way to make this an executable file? Or will they have to call it through their command window? I have heard of a program called Advanced Installer, would this do what i want?
Thank you
I realize that my question is very broad, i just don't know where to begin. This application is only applicable to people within my company, so i don't want it to be available to others. I just want to be able to move all the necessary files to another computer and they can just click one button and go.

I encourage you to read how to package a python application. Typically what you want to do is release your application on the Python Packaging Index, so that your app is available as a Python module for other developers and users. Once you release your app on PyPI, you can go ahead and provide users with further options like easy install.
Note that releasing your app and making it available to the world is something that you'd certainly want to do.
The best way to package your application is by using distutils.
Since packaging a python app is a considerably broad topic, I won't be able to cover it in entirety here. However, here are a few guides to get you started:
Hitchhiker’s Guide to Packaging
Distributing Python modules
Guide to open-sourcing a python project
Finally, a good practice is to look at existing open-source Python projects and look at the way their setup script and the MANIFEST.in file is written. For doing that, you would need to understand the way the project is structured, which is important in realizing the correct way to package an application.
Hope this helps. All the best!

Python init file name convention

I started a new Python project and I want to have a good structure from the beginning. I'm reading some convention Python guides but I don't find any info about how the main script must be named. Is there any rules for this? Is there any other kind of convention for folders or text files inside the project (like readme files)?
By the way, I'm programming a client-server app so there is no way for this to become a package (at least in the way a think a package is).

If you want to package your application to allow a ZIP file containing it or its directory to be passed as an argument to the python interpreter to run the application, name your main script __main__.py. If you don't care about being able to do this (and most python applications do not), name it whatever you want.

No such rule exists for python main script which starts your application. There are coding guidelines (PEP8) which you can follow to keep your code clean though.
You can check existing python applications which are easily available. May be open source/free software projects e.g yum (on rpm based distros) command, lots of python apps (you can checkout them from publicly available source code management systems e.g git repo) etc. You can check basic principles they follow. But there are no constraints as such.

Installing a Python program on Linux

I wrote a Python program. I would like to add to it an installation script that will set up everything necessary - like desktop icon, entry in the menu, home directory file, etc.
I'm working on Linux (ubuntu). When a Python program is installed, what needs to happen in general? I know that it probably depends on the nature of the program.
Can you give me some general ideas? Or, point me in the right direction? I have no idea how to look for this on Google.
Thanks

If it's a Python program you're trying to package, you should consider using its 'standard' distribution framework distutils. I can't replicate the entire document here but I'd recommend that you read it. Once you're done with that, check out the Hitchhikers guide to packaging which contains details on distribute - the extensions to distutils that allow you to package and distribute more effectively.

You could create an rpm easily using checkinstall. Search for checkinstall in google and download it. It will allow you to create an rpm and set the options.

For Ubuntu if you want it to be easily distributable to other Ubuntu users it'll have to be packaged properly, which is no simple task. You might want to consult their Packaging Guide for more information.
Otherwise, generally speaking there are a few standard packaging options for Python. Setuptools is popular, but becoming reviled lately. Read James Bennett's blog post "On Packaging" for a decent in-depth look into the ups and downs of the Python packaging world.

How a program is launched and placed in the menu is determined by a .desktop file (you can read the specification or just look at some examples from /usr/share/applications). Properly installing a program (placing all files in the right directories and so on) requires either making a package like a deb or rpm, or you could use something like distutils or setuptools.
It may also help to just look at some (open source) examples of Python programs for Linux.