is there any reasonable way to convert my while loop into a for loop? I tried to create this, but I never got far cause the range's and/or xrange's broke because the number was too large or they don't take a float. Here's my while loop that I want to see if there is a reasonable for loop conversion for(This is within a function is why it's indented):
a = float(E1.get())
b = (a + 1)
c = sqrt(b)
e = sqrt(a)
f = (unichr(0x221A))
fractional, integral = modf(c)
while integral == integral:
fractional1, integral1 = modf(a / (integral**2))
print(fractional1)
if fractional1 != 0:
integral -= 1
continue
else: break
if a range or xrange is possible, it'd have to be range(1,a+1) or xrange(1,a+1)
This is my entire code:
def radical():
# Define variables needed
a = float(E1.get())
b = (a + 1)
c = sqrt(b)
e = sqrt(a)
f = (unichr(0x221A))
fractional, integral = modf(c)
while integral == integral:
fractional1, integral1 = modf(a / (integral**2))
print(fractional1)
if fractional1 != 0:
integral -= 1
continue
else: break
d = (a / (integral**2))
# make pointless floats integers
if integral.is_integer():
integral = int(integral)
if d.is_integer():
d = int(d)
if e.is_integer():
e = int(e)
# set conditions for output
if d == 1:
global master
master = Tkinter.Tk()
w = Tkinter.Message(master, padx=5, pady=5,text=(integral)).grid(ipadx=5, ipady=5)
master.title("Square Root")
master.mainloop()
elif integral == 1:
master = Tkinter.Tk()
w = Tkinter.Message(master, padx=5, pady=5,text=(f,d,"or",e)).grid(ipadx=5, ipady=5)
master.title("Simplified Radical")
master.mainloop()
else:
master = Tkinter.Tk()
w = Tkinter.Message(master, padx=5, pady=5,text=(integral,f,d,"or",e)).grid(ipadx=5, ipady=5)
master.title("Simplified Radical")
master.mainloop()
If you want infinite loop, you can use itertools.repeat(1) which will yield infinitely:
import itertools
....
for _ in itertools.repeat(1): # instead of `while integral == integral`
...
You can also use itertools.count() or itertools.cycle([1]).
UPDATE
Using range(integral, 0, -1), you can iterate from integral down to 1 (excluding 0).
for integral in range(integral, 0, -1): # xrange if you're using Python 2.x
fractional1, integral1 = modf(a / (integral**2))
print(fractional1)
Related
I'm attempting to program my own connect four game using Python. I'm trying to sort the circles that I have drawn into a 2d array. However when I try to assign my shape object to the array it gives me an index error. I can't really see an issue with counterrow and countrercolumn, can anyone else? Btw my space class just has an initialiser setting x1, x2, y1, y2, taken, and id
from tkinter import *
from space import *
master = Tk();
w = Canvas(master, width = 600, height = 500)
w.pack()
spaceList = []
for i in range(7):
spaceList.append([0] * 6)
currentmove = 'PLAYER1'
won = False
counterrow = 0
countercolumn = 0
for i in range(0,560,80):
for j in range(0,480,80):
w.create_oval(10+i, 10+j, 90+i, 90+j)
newspace = Space(10+i, 10+j, 90+i, 90+j, False, 'EMPTY')
spaceList[counterrow][countercolumn] = newspace
countercolumn = countercolumn + 1
counterrow = counterrow + 1
while(not won):
movecol = int(input("Please select a column!"))
def move(column):
for i in spaceList:
return 0
mainloop()
You have to reset the countercolumn:
for i in range(0,560,80):
# add this:
countercolumn = 0
for j in range(0,480,80):
# omitted
Otherwise it becomes seven and larger and you get an overflow.
I am working on a calculator and I want it so once the user is done entering the first number and chooses an operator(+-*/ etc.) they can enter a second number and then hit an equals button to get their answer.
Currently, I can not assign a value to my bool inside my defs, which is keeping me from being able to input a second number and eventually perform functions. The last line of commandButtonPress() is where things are slipping up, and prior to making whichNum a list I was getting:
variable referenced before assignment
I have tried both direct assignment as well as using remove() and append(). Buttons 1-9 use the same block of code, and I didn't include the decimal because I didn't think it would be necessary for solving this problem.
I know none of this is elegant and most of it would be far better if I implemented a class, but I am new and trying to figure things out and haven't done object oriented programming in python yet.
from tkinter import *
def buttonOne(whichNum):
count = 0
number = ""
try:
if whichNum == False and num1[0] != "0":
num1.append("1")
while count < len(num1):
number = number + str(num1[count])
count += 1
screen["text"] = number
elif whichNum == True and num2[0] != "0":
num2.append("1")
while count < len(num2):
number = number + str(num2[count])
count += 1
screen["text"] = number
except:
if whichNum == False:
num1[0] = "."
else:
num2[0] = "."
number = "0."
screen["text"] = number
def commandButtonPress(symbol, whichNum):
if whichNum == False:
if len(operator) > 0 and operator[0] == "+":
operator.remove("+")
if len(num1) > 0:
operator.append(symbol)
whichNum[0] = True
def main():
window = Tk()
window.title("Calculator")
window.geometry("250x305")
num1 = []
num2 = []
operator = []
whichNum = [False]
global screen
screen = Label(text="0", height = 5, width = 30)
screen.pack(side = LEFT, expand=False, anchor = N, padx=[5, 5])
button1 = Button(text="1", command = lambda: buttonOne(whichNum[0]))
button1.grid(column=0, row=2)
button11 = Button(text="+", command = lambda: commandButtonPress("+", whichNum[0]))
button11.grid(column=3, row=2)
window.mainloop()
main()
The solution Nae posted seems to work. My button doesn't handle num2 properly yet, but whichNum is getting updated as it should in commandButtonPress. Thanks for the help. I finished this project (more or less) and uploaded it to my repo.
from tkinter import *
whichNum = False
def buttonOne():
global whichNum
count = 0
number = ""
try:
if whichNum == False and num1[0] != "0":
num1.append("1")
while count < len(num1):
number = number + str(num1[count])
count += 1
screen["text"] = number
elif whichNum == True and num2[0] != "0":
num2.append("1")
while count < len(num2):
number = number + str(num2[count])
count += 1
screen["text"] = number
except:
if whichNum == False:
num1[0] = "."
else:
num2[0] = "."
number = "0."
screen["text"] = number
def commandButtonPress(symbol):
global whichNum
if whichNum == False:
if len(operator) > 0 and operator[0] == "+":
operator.remove("+")
if len(num1) > 0:
operator.append(symbol)
whichNum[0] = True
def main():
window = Tk()
window.title("Calculator")
window.geometry("250x305")
num1 = []
num2 = []
operator = []
global whichNum
global screen
screen = Label(text="0", height = 5, width = 30)
screen.pack(side = LEFT, expand=False, anchor = N, padx=[5, 5])
button1 = Button(text="1", command = lambda: buttonOne())
button1.grid(column=0, row=2)
button11 = Button(text="+", command = lambda: commandButtonPress("+"))
button11.grid(column=3, row=2)
window.mainloop()
main()
import tkinter as tk
#messagebox is not imported automatically w/ tkinter
from tkinter import messagebox as tkMessageBox
from tkinter import ttk
from random import random as rand
class Square(object):
""" class to use for each square """
def __init__(self):
self.mine_yn = False
self.flag_yn = False
self.prox_num = 0 # number of nearby mines, parse_mines() will fill this in.
self.button = None # ttk.Button instance.
def parse_mines():
"""Look at how many mines are next to a given square,
store in each Square instance that is inside of sqr_dict. """
global sqr_dict
global mine_frame
print('in parse_mines, sqr_dict='+str(sqr_dict))
def try_a_square(sq): #sq = coordinate string(key)
try:
if sqr_dict[sq].mine_yn == True: return 1
if sqr_dict[sq].mine_yn == False: return 0
except KeyError:
print('KeyError for '+sq)
return 0
n = 0
for x in range(5):
for y in range(4):
#check the 8 adjacent squares.
n = n + try_a_square('x'+str(x+1)+'y'+str(y+1))
n = n + try_a_square('x'+str(x+1)+'y'+str(y ))
n = n + try_a_square('x'+str(x+1)+'y'+str(y-1))
n = n + try_a_square('x'+str(x )+'y'+str(y+1))
n = n + try_a_square('x'+str(x )+'y'+str(y-1))
n = n + try_a_square('x'+str(x-1)+'y'+str(y+1))
n = n + try_a_square('x'+str(x-1)+'y'+str(y ))
n = n + try_a_square('x'+str(x-1)+'y'+str(y-1))
if sqr_dict[('x'+str(x)+'y'+str(y))].mine_yn == False:
(sqr_dict[('x'+str(x)+'y'+str(y))]).prox_num = n
print('x'+str(x)+'y'+str(y)+': '+str(n)) #(debug) print n for each sq
#sqr_dict[('x'+str(x)+'y'+str(y))].button.text=(str(n)) #(debug) show n on each button.
n = 0
def create_mine_field():
global mine_frame
global sqr_dict
sqr_dict = {}
mine_frame = tk.Toplevel(root)
mine_frame.grid()
#what to do if user hit 'X' to close window.
mine_frame.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", mine_frame_close)
# create grid of squares (buttons)
for x in range(5):
for y in range(4):
coord = 'x'+str(x) + 'y'+str(y)
sqr_dict[coord] = Square()
#print('coord='+coord) #debug
#populate with mines
if ( rand()*100 < mines_pct ):
sqr_dict[coord].mine_yn = True
print(str(sqr_dict[coord].mine_yn))
else:
sqr_dict[coord].mine_yn = False
if sqr_dict[coord].mine_yn:
t = '*'
else: t = ' '
# draw boxes
sqr_dict[coord].button = ttk.Button(mine_frame, text=t, width=3 )
sqr_dict[coord].button.grid(column=x, row=y)
# done, next: parse!
print('in create_mines, sqr_dict='+str(sqr_dict))
#parse_mines()
def root_close():
root.destroy()
def mine_frame_close():
root.destroy()
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("MineSweeper")
mines_pct = 20
start_button = ttk.Button(root,text="Start",command=create_mine_field)
start_button.pack()
root.mainloop()
I'm trying to make a simple minesweeper game with tkinter. If I run the above code a simple mine field appears. However if I uncomment the call to parser() then nothing shows up and it seems like it never finds any mines in the sqr_dict dictionary. (parser() will fill in the numbers of adjacent mines for each square)
I don't understand why this function would cause trouble before it is even called. No mine field appears when it's called. Please kindly give me your suggestions. Thanks!
The reason nothing shows up is because you are using both pack and grid on widgets that are children of the root window. Within any given window you must only use one or the other.
I've been playing around with sympy and decided to make an arbitrary equations solver since my finance class was getting a little dreary. I wrote a basic framework and started playing with some examples, but some work and some don't for some reason.
from sympy import *
import sympy.mpmath as const
OUT_OF_BOUNDS = "Integer out of bounds."
INVALID_INTEGER = "Invalid Integer."
INVALID_FLOAT = "Invalid Float."
CANT_SOLVE_VARIABLES = "Unable to Solve for More than One Variable."
CANT_SOLVE_DONE = "Already Solved. Nothing to do."
# time value of money equation: FV = PV(1 + i)**n
# FV = future value
# PV = present value
# i = growth rate per perioid
# n = number of periods
FV, PV, i, n = symbols('FV PV i n')
time_value_money_discrete = Eq(FV, PV*(1+i)**n)
time_value_money_continuous = Eq(FV, PV*const.e**(i*n))
def get_sym_num(prompt, fail_prompt):
while(True):
try:
s = input(prompt)
if s == "":
return None
f = sympify(s)
return f
except:
print(fail_prompt)
continue
equations_supported = [['Time Value of Money (discrete)', [FV, PV, i, n], time_value_money_discrete],
['Time Value of Money (continuous)',[FV, PV, i, n], time_value_money_continuous]]
EQUATION_NAME = 0
EQUATION_PARAMS = 1
EQUATION_EXPR = 2
if __name__ == "__main__":
while(True):
print()
for i, v in enumerate(equations_supported):
print("{}: {}".format(i, v[EQUATION_NAME]))
try:
process = input("What equation do you want to solve? ")
if process == "" or process == "exit":
break
process = int(process)
except:
print(INVALID_INTEGER)
continue
if process < 0 or process >= len(equations_supported):
print(OUT_OF_BOUNDS)
continue
params = [None]*len(equations_supported[process][EQUATION_PARAMS])
for i, p in enumerate(equations_supported[process][EQUATION_PARAMS]):
params[i] = get_sym_num("What is {}? ".format(p), INVALID_FLOAT)
if params.count(None) > 1:
print(CANT_SOLVE_VARIABLES)
continue
if params.count(None) == 0:
print(CANT_SOLVE_DONE)
continue
curr_expr = equations_supported[process][EQUATION_EXPR]
for i, p in enumerate(params):
if p != None:
curr_expr = curr_expr.subs(equations_supported[process][EQUATION_PARAMS][i], params[i])
print(solve(curr_expr, equations_supported[process][EQUATION_PARAMS][params.index(None)]))
This is the code I have so far. I guess I can strip it down to a basic example if need be, but I was also wondering if there was a better way to implement this sort of system. After I have this down, I want to be able to add arbitrary equations and solve them after inputting all but one parameter.
For example, if I put in (for equation 0), FV = 1000, PV = 500, i = .02, n is empty I get 35.0027887811465 which is the correct answer. If I redo it and change FV to 4000, it returns an empty list as the answer.
Another example, when I input an FV, PV, and an n, the program seems to hang. When I input small numbers, I got RootOf() answers instead of a simple decimal.
Can anyone help me?
Side note: I'm using SymPy 0.7.6 and Python 3.5.1 which I'm pretty sure are the latest
This is a floating point accuracy issue. solve by default plugs solutions into the original equation and evaluates them (using floating point arithmetic) in order to sort out false solutions. You can disable this by setting check=False. For example, for Hugh Bothwell's code
for fv in range(1870, 1875, 1):
sols = sp.solve(eq.subs({FV:fv}), check=False)
print("{}: {}".format(fv, sols))
which gives
1870: [66.6116466112007]
1871: [66.6386438584579]
1872: [66.6656266802551]
1873: [66.6925950919998]
1874: [66.7195491090752]
I don't have an answer, but I do have a much simpler demonstration case ;-)
import sympy as sp
FV, n = sp.symbols("FV n")
eq = sp.Eq(FV, sp.S("500 * 1.02 ** n"))
# see where it breaks
for fv in range(1870, 1875, 1):
sols = sp.solve(eq.subs({FV:fv}))
print("{}: {}".format(fv, sols))
which produces
1870: [66.6116466112007]
1871: [66.6386438584579]
1872: []
1873: []
1874: []
At a guess this is where the accuracy breaks down enough that it can't find a verifiable solution for n?
Also, while poking at this I did a fairly extensive rewrite which you may find useful. It does pretty much the same as your code but in a much more loosely-coupled fashion.
import sympy as sp
class Equation:
def __init__(self, label, equality_str, eq="=="):
self.label = label
# parse the equality
lhs, rhs = equality_str.split(eq)
self.equality = sp.Eq(sp.sympify(lhs), sp.sympify(rhs))
# index free variables by name
self.vars = {var.name: var for var in self.equality.free_symbols}
def prompt_for_values(self):
# show variables to be entered
var_names = sorted(self.vars, key=str.lower)
print("\nFree variables are: " + ", ".join(var_names))
print("Enter a value for all but one (press Enter to skip):")
# prompt for values by name
var_values = {}
for name in var_names:
value = input("Value of {}: ".format(name)).strip()
if value:
var_values[name] = sp.sympify(value)
# convert names to Sympy variable references
return {self.vars[name]:value for name,value in var_values.items()}
def solve(self):
values = self.prompt_for_values()
solutions = sp.solve(self.equality.subs(values))
# remove complex answers
solutions = [sol.evalf() for sol in solutions if sol.is_real]
return solutions
def __str__(self):
return str(self.equality)
# Define some equations!
equations = [
Equation("Time value of money (discrete)", "FV == PV * (1 + i) ** n"),
Equation("Time value of money (continuous)", "FV == PV * exp(i * n)" )
]
# Create menu
menu_lo = 1
menu_hi = len(equations) + 1
menu_prompt = "\n".join(
[""]
+ ["{}: {}".format(i, eq.label) for i, eq in enumerate(equations, 1)]
+ ["{}: Exit".format(menu_hi)]
+ ["? "]
)
def get_int(prompt, lo=None, hi=None):
while True:
try:
value = int(input(prompt))
if (lo is None or lo <= value) and (hi is None or value <= hi):
return value
except ValueError:
pass
def main():
while True:
choice = get_int(menu_prompt, menu_lo, menu_hi)
if choice == menu_hi:
print("Goodbye!")
break
else:
solutions = equations[choice - 1].solve()
num = len(solutions)
if num == 0:
print("No solutions found")
elif num == 1:
print("1 solution found: " + str(solutions[0]))
else:
print("{} solutions found:".format(num))
for sol in solutions:
print(sol)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
I have a label into which I am going to put content of different sizes. I would like to know how high I need to make the label so that I can size the window so it can stay the same for the different content sizes. I have a strategy, but it seems more complicated then it should be.
I want to set a label to a given width and wraplength:
l = Label(root)
l['width'] = 30
l['wraplength'] = 244
l['text'] = "testing this"
Now I want to query the label to find how many lines are used. l['height'] stays at 0, so the best I have been able to come up with is to use l.winfo_height() and convert the height given in pixels to the number of lines used. Nothing in dir(l) seems to give me the information directly, but this strategy is fragile to font changes and other changes.
Any suggestions?
Update: using Brian Oakley's suggestion (which is similar to what I got on usenet) I have the following approximation to a solution (needs polishing, e.g. doesn't take into account that Label breaks at whitespace):
import Tkinter as Tk
import tkFont
import random
import sys
def genstr (j):
rno = random.randint(4,50)
ret_val = str(j) + ":"
for i in range (0, rno):
ret_val += "hello" + str(i)
return ret_val
def gendata (lh):
ret_val = []
for i in range(0,lh):
ret_val.append (genstr (i))
return ret_val
data = gendata (100)
root = Tk.Tk()
font = tkFont.Font(family='times', size=13)
class lines:
def __init__ (self):
self.lastct = 1 # remember where the cutoff was last work from there
def count (self, text, cutoff = 400):
global font
no_lines = 1
start_idx = 0
idx = self.lastct
while True:
if idx > len (text):
idx = len (text)
# shrink from guessed value
while font.measure (text[start_idx:idx - 1]) > cutoff:
if idx <= start_idx:
print "error"
sys.exit ()
else:
idx -= 1
self.lastct = idx - start_idx # adjust since was too big
# increase from guessed value (note: if first shrunk then done)
while (idx < len (text)
and font.measure (text[start_idx:idx]) < cutoff):
idx += 1
self.lastct = idx - start_idx # adjust since was too small
# next line has been determined
print "*" + text[start_idx:idx-1] + "*"
if idx == len(text) and font.measure (text[start_idx:]) < cutoff:
return no_lines
elif idx == len(text):
return no_lines + 1
else:
no_lines += 1
start_idx = idx - 1
idx = start_idx + self.lastct
lin = lines()
for i in range(0,len(data)):
lin.count(data[i], 450)
for i in range(0,min(len(data),10)):
l = Tk.Label(root)
l.pack()
l['text'] = data[i]
print i
no = lin.count (data[i], 450)
print "computed lines", no
l['width'] = 50
l['justify'] = Tk.LEFT
l['anchor'] = 'w'
l['wraplength'] = 450
l['padx']=10
l['pady'] = 5
l['height'] = no
l['font'] = font
if i % 2 == 0:
l['background'] = 'grey80'
else:
l['background'] = 'grey70'
root.mainloop()
You are correct that the height attribute doesn't change. That attribute doesn't tell you the actual height, only the height it is configured to be. The actual height depends on factors such as how much text is in it, the wrap length, the font, and how the widget geometry is managed.
tkinter Font objects have a measure method which lets you determine how tall and wide a string is for a given font. You can get the font for the widget and use that method to determine how much space is required for your string.