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Why do I have to use "py" to execute python commands instead of "python"?

I am a newbie in Python and had a problem with installing Python packages on my windows computer.
I installed Python itself and then had to install the packages "Numpy" and "Matplotlib" as well. My teacher told us to do it with the commands:
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
pip install numpy
pip install matplotlib
I managed to install Python but when I run the first command to install pip I got the error message telling me that Python is not found. I found the command py -m pip --version here and it worked. After running it pip got installed and I got the message "pip 22.3 from C:\Users\Kaja\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\pip (python 3.10)". I guessed this message means that its working.
I had a similar problem with the commands to install Numpy and Matplotlib. It only worked with this commands
py -m pip install numpy
py -m pip install matplotlib
I searched the internet and found this question telling me to run the command doskey py=python and it did not work. But when I swapped py and python so that the command was doskey python=py I eventually could run my teachers commands.
I checked the windows documentation and they are using the same commands as my teacher. I am very curious to know why I had this problem because on my fellow students computers it worked without the doskey command.
Edit:
Thank you very much #RustyPython.
I checked my environment variables and the path to the python.exe was already there.
Out of curiousity I deleted the python.exe from the path variable and although I did that the commands still worked! Another thing I tried was to remove the doskey macro like discribed in this article but still the commands still run without any errors.
I think its something else.

When you install python on windows it usually comes with the python launcher. This provides a way to easily access all the python versions installed on your computer.
The python launcher uses the py command which access the default python version.
py -0p will show you all the installed versions.
See https://www.infoworld.com/article/3617292/how-to-use-pythons-py-launcher-for-windows.html for more details.
For the python command to work then the relevant directory containing python.exe needs to be added to your user PATH variable.
As has been said looks the the python directory is not on your PATH, but the python launcher is and finds the installed python.exe.
If you want python to work on command line then you'll need to add it to your PATH variable. https://realpython.com/add-python-to-path/#how-to-add-python-to-path-on-windows

What is the difference between installing a package in my Windows CMD and in VS Code terminal?

I am doing this project where i need to install a package called Twint.
I want to install this package and use it's commands in my VS Code.
What happends when i for example type this in my Windows CMD?
pip3 install --user --upgrade git+https://github.com/twintproject/twint.git#origin/master#egg=twint
Because i can't type this in my VS code terminal, where i usually install packages with pip.
It will return an error that says ERROR: Cannot find command 'git' - do you have 'git' installed and in your PATH?''
Now if i run this in my Windows Command it seems that i can't directly import the package in VS code?
Can anyone help me out with this confusion, where does the files get stored and how do i create good habbits around installing packages?
Hope someone understands what im struggeling with here.
Best

It is often the case that computers have more than one version of python installed and that editors like VS code use a different version than pip uses on the command line. pip installs packages where the version of python it is linked to expects them to be, but VScode doesn't know to look there.
It sounds like you have git installed where pip installs things, so you can upgrade from the command line without issue, but there's no installation of git where VScode is looking, so there's nothing to upgrade.
You either need to find where pip installs things and add it to the $PATH VScode uses, or try running a variation of python -m pip install --user git (specifying a specific url, or other things, as needed) from within VScode, which will ensure the package gets installed in a place that VScode looks for packages.

Download and Install git in your windows from here:
https://git-scm.com/download/win
Then add its installation bin path to your windows's environment path. Then you will find the git command at the command prompt globally.
This may solve you problem.

Installation in virtualenv is attempting to run the global Python binary and failing

Right now I'm trying to install python (3.10) and all further installations on my new pc (windows 10) and so far everything is set up:
Python installed
Windows paths for "Python" & "Python\Scrips"
I am able to call the python and pip version and also install some packages. But after installing virtualenv and creating one the - at the moment - unfixable error appears: I am unable to install packages into the pip-path of the virtualenviroment itself. Whenever I'm trying to run any pip-command I'm getting the following error:
Unable to create process using 'C:\Users\ExampleUser\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\python.exe "C:\folder\env\Scripts\pip.exe" '
As you can see, it's always refering to the original python-path, but on the other hand it's refering to the pip-path of the virtualenv!? Don't know if it's helpful, but when typing in where python and where pip the paths inside the venv are the first one listed. I've also watched out for no blank spaces in my path...
Unfortunately no explanation out there could help me until now and I never faced this problem on my old machine - mostly the same, except some older version of python, pip and virtualenv.
Does anyone else has an idea what I am missing?

downloading Python 3 at the official website and installing it via express installation
Copy & Paste the standalone python into the /python folder and overwriting the python version
running python -m pip install --upgrade pip in cmd
Now pip and python 3 are installed in their latest version.
It's work for me

Could you use venv to create your virtual environment, instead of virtualenv (given that venv is the recommended way to create virtual environments for Python 3.3, and newer)?
If using venv is an option, this procedure may give you some idea on how to do it.
I have not done any Python development on Windows, but I think the basics would be:
python3 -m venv your-env-directory
your-env-directory\Scripts\activate.bat
If using venv is not an option, maybe you can try specifying the -v flag when running your virtualenv command to increase verbosity so you can further troubleshoot what's going on.

try upgrade pip version python -m pip install --upgrade pip

[ Sorry if this answer turns out to be more of a comment than an answer. I only have 21 reputation, so I cannot comment ]
When trying to install pip packages and run python files, is the CWD (Current Working Directory) C:\folder\env\Scripts? If so, try chaning your CWD to C:\folder. I had a similar problem and doing this fixed it.

You may need to look into a cygwin environment, and look into a chroot or jail environment to run the application without conflict.

Have you tried to use virtualenv-wrapper-win module.
It helps me a lot to manage virtual envs

Life is much easier using Anaconda 3 (it's definitely bloated compared to normal Python though), or use the minimal Miniconda (barebone install, basically just Python + a package manager). You can download it here: https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/miniconda.html#windows-installers
Then you can make a new virtual environment super easy:
conda create -n myenv pip
conda activate
If you have multiple environments you do: conda activate [environment_name]
Now you're in your new environment with pip installed. And you get drop down menus in the Windows menu to get to your new environment too, so there isn't any searching required. They just appear. Now if you want to link Jupyter Notebook or Spyder to the installation, it takes more steps since you need more packages. I used this guide which basically activates Jupyter first, then Spyder IDE. https://medium.com/#apremgeorge/using-conda-python-environments-with-spyder-ide-and-jupyter-notebooks-in-windows-4e0a905aaac5
Since you created the environment with pip added you can pip install whatever packages you need. I had to do this recently with OpenBLAS backed NumPy and SciPy (the defaults from pip, not from conda). Now Miniconda is the closest thing to basic Python installation, and comes with some nice tools to make your life easier. Hopefully this is helpful.

Getting error while saving python file: There is no Pip installer available in the selected environment

I'm getting an error "There is no Pip installer available in the selected environment." when saving python files in Visual Studio Code. I have pip3 installed, and it's available from the terminal. I have selected the python interpreter in the VS Code. I also tried manually installing autopep8 with pip3 in the project directory. But the error still occurs. Unfortunately, these are the only solutions I was able to find on the internet, but none of them worked. I use Lenovo's Chromebook, which is Debian-based. Does anyone have any clue how to solve the issue?
Selected interpreter:

You obviously have installed multiple Python environments on your system. The one in /usr/bin is usually the one installed by your system's package manager (apt on Debian) and most probably the default one that is used if you just call the python commands without absolute path from your shell. You can verify that by calling:
which python3
which pip3
I assume that both binaries are used from /usr/bin/.
Your Python installation selected in VS code is located in /usr/local/bin, which probably has been installed from a different origin (maybe you have compiled Python from source?). If VS code complains that no pip has been found in your selected environment, probably /usr/local/bin/pip3 does not exist for some reason. You can verify that by calling:
ls /usr/local/bin/pip3
Easiest solution to this would be to select the /usr/bin/python3 environment in VS code.
If you really need the Python version from /usr/local/bin, find out where this installation came from and complete it in order to have pip3 there as well.
The most sustainable solution, however, would be to use a virtual environment. This would make your Python version system-independent and you have full control over the packages in there.

I think you should check in your terminal "pip3 freeze" command, if it shows some list , then pip is working, otherwise you should check the environment variable in your system for pip3.

Pip.exe from Python on Windows 10

I installed the latest version of Python from www.python.org. Python 3.4.3. I then go to run pip and I get
"Fatal error in launcher: Job information querying failed"
Searching for this error message points me to similar issues running Python under wine. If you grab a pre-compiled pip.exe it will work but it seems that when you install, the pip.exe is generated as part of the installer and this pip.exe does not work.
Further I am dealing with a build script that creates a virtual python environment that uses pip.exe and results in the same error. Not sure how to fix this. Also not sure how pip.exe is generated.

You can use python -m pip install package

Worked for me in windows 10, make sure that you have added python in path of system environment variable. If you are able to run python from powershell then it means python is added to your path. After that you may try using following to upgrade pip
python -m pip install -U pip