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How to take screenshot of entire display pygame

I am creating a painter software and want the user to be able to save their image after they have finished creating it, so I tried pygame.image.save(pygame.display.get_surface(), "/home/user/screenshot.png"). I made a quick drawing and pressed the key I set which would save the image. I look at the image, and it's only saved the blank display surface, not the pygame.draw.rect()s of the actual drawing. I looked at the following links: How to capture pygame screen? https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/118372/how-can-i-take-a-screenshot-of-a-certain-part-of-the-screen-in-pygame Can python get the screen shot of a specific window? and much more. How would I take a screenshot of the entire display screen along with the drawing? This is my mainloop:
running = True
while running:
updateWindow() # Updates window
clearWindow() # Clears window
checkEvents() # Checks events
redrawItems() # Redraws your drawing
pygame.event.pump()
pygame.display.quit()
pygame.quit()

Try pygame.Surface.copy on the display surface. See docs here.
So if display is your screen, then:
screencopy = display.copy()
should get you a copy of the display image in screencopy. Remember because of double buffering it will give you a copy of what you would see on the screen if you did an display.update() right then, which might be different that what is showing on the screen if you have done things that have not yet been pushed to the screen yet by an update().

You can do this using pygame.image.save(Surface, filename), which you can read more about
here
Below is a simple function that will save a portion of the display as an image.
def Capture(display,name,pos,size): # (pygame Surface, String, tuple, tuple)
image = pygame.Surface(size) # Create image surface
image.blit(display,(0,0),(pos,size)) # Blit portion of the display to the image
pygame.image.save(image,name) # Save the image to the disk**
What this function does is created a pygame surface named image. Then the area (pos,size) is blitted to image at its origin. Finally, pygame.image.save(Surface, filename) will be called and save image to the disk.
For example, if we want to save a 100x100 image named "Capture.png" at the pos 50x50 on the display, name would equal "Capture.png", pos would equal (50,50), and size would equal (100,100), and the function call would look as such:
Capture(display,"Capture.png",(50,50),(100,100))

How do I open .gif file using tkinter without getting error "Too early to create image"?

I cannot start my Python program. I've a problem that I cannot open a .gif file, and I cannot figure out how!
I keep getting a long error message:
"RuntimeError: Too early to create image"
I have moved the gif files into the same project file as the code, and I tried looking online, but everyone uses different packages, and I just cannot find a way around it. I also have the gifs open on pycharm.
Here is my code:
import random
from tkinter import *
sign = random.randint(0, 1)
if (sign == 1):
photo = PhotoImage(file="X.gif")
else:
photo = PhotoImage(file="O.gif")
My overall goal is to show an image like a finished tic tac toe game, with randomly placed X's and O's, and there does not have to be any specific order like 3 in a row. Here is the homework problem:
Display a frame that contains nine labels. A label may display an image icon for X or an image icon for O, as shown in Figure 12.27c. What to display is randomly decided.
Use the Math.random() method to generate an integer 0 or 1, which corresponds to displaying an X or O image icon. These images are in the files x.gif and o.gif.

I can see from the code that you're using PhotoImage before creating a main window gives you an Runtime error and it is clearly said in the error that "Too early to create image" means the image cannot be create if there is no active Tk window.
The reason why some people prefer the use other module because it give you more flexibility to resize, reshape, invert and more. ( By the way it could Pillow module from PIL import Image, ImageTk How to use PIL in Tkinter ).
Now back to your code.
You can randomise "O" and "X" images without even use of if-else.
I created main window before creating the Image.
Make sure the images you using are in the same directory.
import random
from tkinter import *
sign = random.choice( ["X.gif", "O.gif"] )
print(sign,"photo has been selected")
root = Tk()
Photo = PhotoImage(file=sign)
display_photo = Label(root, image=Photo)
display_photo.pack()
mainloop()

How to add an image to a turtle object in python?

# register shape
turt = turtle.Turtle()
turt.register_shape('player.png')
# player
p = turtle.Turtle()
p.speed(0)
p.color('magenta')
p.shape('player.png')
p.shapesize(2)
p.setheading(0)
p.penup()
p.setposition(-700, 0)
hp = 3
then i get this error: 'Turtle' object has no attribute 'register_shape'

register_shape is not a method on Turtle objects, it's a global function.
So, instead of this:
turt.register_shape('player.png')
… do this:
turtle.register_shape('player.png')
Also, notice that you don't have any use for that turt turtle. Your app only wants to display a single turtle, p, so don't create any others.
Finally, even after you fix this:
At least according to the docs, only GIF images are supported, but you're trying to use a PNG image. The docs may be wrong about that, but there's a good chance they're right, and this is going to fail.
If so, the only way to fix it is to use some other program (it could be one you write yourself in 4 lines of Pillow code, or it could be something like MSPaint or Preview, or a command-line tool like ImageMagick convert) to make a GIF image out of your PNG image.

When saving turtle graphics to an .eps file, the background color shows on the screen but is not saved in the .eps file

I am new to Python and have been working with the turtle module as a way of learning the language.
Thanks to stackoverflow, I researched and learned how to copy the image into an encapsulated postscript file and it works great. There is one problem, however. The turtle module allows background color which shows on the screen but does not show in the .eps file. All other colors, i.e. pen color and turtle color, make it through but not the background color.
As a matter of interest, I do not believe the import of Tkinter is necessary since I do not believe I am using any of the Tkinter module here. I included it as a part of trying to diagnose the problem. I had also used bgcolor=Orange rather than the s.bgcolor="orange".
No Joy.
I am including a simple code example:
# Python 2.7.3 on a Mac
import turtle
from Tkinter import *
s=turtle.Screen()
s.bgcolor("orange")
bob = turtle.Turtle()
bob.circle(250)
ts=bob.getscreen()
ts.getcanvas().postscript(file = "turtle.eps")
I tried to post the images of the screen and the .eps file but stackoverflow will not allow me to do so as a new user. Some sort of spam prevention. Simple enough to visualize though, screen has background color of orange and the eps file is white.
I would appreciate any ideas.

Postscript was designed for making marks on some medium like paper or film, not raster graphics. As such it doesn't have a background color per se that can be set to given color because that would normally be the color of the paper or unexposed film being used.
In order to simulate this you need to draw a rectangle the size of the canvas and fill it with the color you want as the background. I didn't see anything in the turtle module to query the canvas object returned by getcanvas() and the only alternative I can think of is to read the turtle.cfg file if there is one, or just hardcode the default 300x400 size. You might be able to look at the source and figure out where the dimensions of the current canvas are stored and access them directly.
Update:
I was just playing around in the Python console with the turtle module and discovered that what the canvas getcanvas() returns has a private attribute called _canvas which is a <Tkinter.Canvas instance>. This object has winfo_width() and winfo_height() methods which seem to contain the dimensions of the current turtle graphics window. So I would try drawing a filled rectangle of that size and see if that gives you what you want.
Update 2:
Here's code showing how to do what I suggested. Note: The background must be drawn before any other graphics are because otherwise the solid filled background rectangle created will cover up everything else on the screen.
Also, the added draw_background() function makes an effort to save and later restore the graphics state to what it was. This may not be necessary depending on your exact usage case.
import turtle
def draw_background(a_turtle):
""" Draw a background rectangle. """
ts = a_turtle.getscreen()
canvas = ts.getcanvas()
height = ts.getcanvas()._canvas.winfo_height()
width = ts.getcanvas()._canvas.winfo_width()
turtleheading = a_turtle.heading()
turtlespeed = a_turtle.speed()
penposn = a_turtle.position()
penstate = a_turtle.pen()
a_turtle.penup()
a_turtle.speed(0) # fastest
a_turtle.goto(-width/2-2, -height/2+3)
a_turtle.fillcolor(turtle.Screen().bgcolor())
a_turtle.begin_fill()
a_turtle.setheading(0)
a_turtle.forward(width)
a_turtle.setheading(90)
a_turtle.forward(height)
a_turtle.setheading(180)
a_turtle.forward(width)
a_turtle.setheading(270)
a_turtle.forward(height)
a_turtle.end_fill()
a_turtle.penup()
a_turtle.setposition(*penposn)
a_turtle.pen(penstate)
a_turtle.setheading(turtleheading)
a_turtle.speed(turtlespeed)
s = turtle.Screen()
s.bgcolor("orange")
bob = turtle.Turtle()
draw_background(bob)
ts = bob.getscreen()
canvas = ts.getcanvas()
bob.circle(250)
canvas.postscript(file="turtle.eps")
s.exitonclick() # optional
And here's the actual output produced (rendered onscreen via Photoshop):

I haven't found a way to get the canvas background colour on the generated (Encapsulated) PostScript file (I suspect it isn't possible). You can however fill your circle with a colour, and then use Canvas.postscript(colormode='color') as suggested by #mgilson:
import turtle
bob = turtle.Turtle()
bob.fillcolor('orange')
bob.begin_fill()
bob.circle(250)
bob.begin_fill()
ts = bob.getscreen()
ts.getcanvas().postscript(file='turtle.eps', colormode='color')

Improving #martineau's code after a decade
import turtle as t
Screen=t.Screen()
Canvas=Screen.getcanvas()
Width, Height = Canvas.winfo_width(), Canvas.winfo_height()
HalfWidth, HalfHeight = Width//2, Height//2
Background = t.Turtle()
Background.ht()
Background.speed(0)
def BackgroundColour(Colour:str="white"):
Background.clear() # Prevents accumulation of layers
Background.penup()
Background.goto(-HalfWidth,-HalfHeight)
Background.color(Colour)
Background.begin_fill()
Background.goto(HalfWidth,-HalfHeight)
Background.goto(HalfWidth,HalfHeight)
Background.goto(-HalfWidth,HalfHeight)
Background.goto(-HalfWidth,-HalfHeight)
Background.end_fill()
Background.penup()
Background.home()
BackgroundColour("orange")
Bob=t.Turtle()
Bob.circle(250)
Canvas.postscript(file="turtle.eps")
This depends on what a person is trying to accomplish but generally, having the option to select which turtle to use to draw your background to me is unnecessary and can overcomplicate things so what one can do instead is have one specific turtle (which I named Background) to just update the background when desired.
Plus, rather than directing the turtle object via magnitude and direction with setheading() and forward(), its cleaner (and maybe faster) to simply give the direct coordinates of where the turtle should go.
Also for any newcomers: Keeping all of the constants like Canvas, Width, and Height outside the BackgroundColour() function speeds up your code since your computer doesn't have to recalculate or refetch any values every time the function is called.

Save the contents of a Gtk.DrawingArea or Cairo pattern to an image on disk

I've got a small PyGI project which uses a Cairo image surface, which I then scale with a surface pattern and render on a Gtk.DrawingArea.
I'd like to write the scaled version to a PNG file. I've tried to write from the original surface with Surface.write_to_png(), but it only writes in the original (i.e. non-scaled) size, so I'm stuck in there.
Then I thought I could perhaps fetch the rendered image from the Gtk.DrawingArea and write that to disk, but I haven't found out how to do that in PyGI (this seems to be only possible in GTK+ 2 - save gtk.DrawingArea to file). So I'm trying to figure out how I can write my scaled image to disk.
Here's the code that creates the surface, scales it up and renders it:
def on_drawingarea1_draw (self, widget, ctx, data=None):
# 'widget' is a Gtk.DrawingArea
# 'ctx' is the Cairo context
text = self.ui.entry1.get_text()
if text == '':
return
# Get the data and encode it into the image
version, size, im = qrencode.encode(text)
im = im.convert('RGBA') # Cairo expects RGB
# Create a pixel array from the PIL image
bytearr = array.array('B', im.tostring())
height, width = im.size
# Convert the PIL image to a Cairo surface
self.surface = cairo.ImageSurface.create_for_data(bytearr,
cairo.FORMAT_ARGB32,
width, height,
width * 4)
# Scale the image
imgpat = cairo.SurfacePattern(self.surface)
scaler = cairo.Matrix()
scaler.scale(1.0/self.scale_factor, 1.0/self.scale_factor)
imgpat.set_matrix(scaler)
ctx.set_source(imgpat)
# Render the image
ctx.paint()
And here's the code to write the surface to a PNG file:
def on_toolbuttonSave_clicked(self, widget, data=None):
if not self.surface:
return
# The following two lines did not seem to work
# ctx = cairo.Context(self.surface)
# ctx.scale(self.scale_factor, self.scale_factor)
self.surface.write_to_png('/tmp/test.png')
So writing the surface creates an non-scaled image, and there is no write method in the cairo.SurfacePattern either.
My last resort is to fetch the scaled image as rendered in the gtk.DrawingArea, put it in a GtkPixbuf.Pixbuf or in a new surface, and then write that to disk. The pixbuf approach seemed to work in GTK+ 2, but not in GTK+ 3.
So does anyone know how I can write the scaled image to disk?

Ok, I found a way:
Remembering that Gtk.DrawingArea derives from Gtk.Window, I could use the Gdk.pixbuf_get_from_window() function to get the contents of the drawing area into a GdkPixbuf.Pixbuf and then use the GdkPixbuf.Pixbuf.savev() function to write the pixbuf as an image on disk.
def drawing_area_write(self):
# drawingarea1 is a Gtk.DrawingArea
window = self.ui.drawingarea1.get_window()
# Some code to get the coordinates for the image, which is centered in the
# in the drawing area. You can ignore it for the purpose of this example
src_x, src_y = self.get_centered_coordinates(self.ui.drawingarea1,
self.surface)
image_height = self.surface.get_height() * self.scale_factor
image_width = self.surface.get_width() * self.scale_factor
# Fetch what we rendered on the drawing area into a pixbuf
pixbuf = Gdk.pixbuf_get_from_window(window, src_x, src_y,
image_width, image_height)
# Write the pixbuf as a PNG image to disk
pixbuf.savev('/tmp/testimage.png', 'png', [], [])
While this works, it'd still be nice to see if someone could confirm this is the right way or to see if there is any other alternative.

I found another approach, using the Cairo context passed to the handler of draw events, but it resulted in capturing a region of the parent window that was larger than the DrawingArea.
What worked for me was to use the PixBuf as you have shown, but first calling the queue_draw() method for the DrawingArea, to force a full rendering, and waiting for the event to be processed (easy enough, I already had a draw handler). Otherwise, the resulting images can be partially undrawn.