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Downloading a webpage using urllib3

I'm trying to write a program for an assignment that uses urllib3 to download a webpage and store it in a dictionary. (I'm using spyder 3.6)
The program is giving me an 'AttributeError' and I have no idea what I'm doing wrong. here is my code with step by step notes I wrote for the assignment.
#Downloading a webpage
import urllib3
import sys
#these import statements allow us to use 'modules' aka 'libraries' ....
#code written by others that we can use
urlToRead = 'http://www.google.com'
#This value won't actually get used, because of the way the while loop
#below is set up. But while loops often need a dummy value like this to
#work right the first time
crawledWebLinks = {}
#Initialize an empty dictionary, in which (key, value) pairs will correspond to (short, url) eg
#("Goolge" , "http://www.google.com")
#Ok, there is a while loop coming up
#Here ends the set up
while urlToRead != ' ':
#This is a condition that dictates that the while loop will keep checking
#as long as this condition is true the loop will continue, if false it will stop
try:
urlToRead = input("Please enter the next URL to crawl")
#the "try" prevents the program from crashing if there is an error
#if there is an error the program will be sent to the except block
if urlToRead == '':
print ("OK, exiting loop")
break
#if the user leaves the input blank it will break out of the loop
shortName = input("Please enter a short name for the URL " + urlToRead)
webFile = urllib3.urlopen(urlToRead).read()
#This line above uses a ready a readymade function in the urllib3 module to
#do something super - cool:
#IT takes a url, goes to the website for the url, downloads the
#contents (which are in the form of HTML) and returns them to be
#stored in a string variable (here called webFile)
crawledWebLinks[shortName] = webFile
#this line above place a key value pair (shortname, HTML for that url)
#in the dictionary
except:
#this bit of code - the indented lines following 'except:' will be
#excecuted if the code in the try block (the indented following lines
#the 'try:' above) throw and error
#this is an example of something known as exeption-handling
print ("*************\nUnexpected Error*****", sys.exc_info()[0])
#The snip 'sys.exc_info()[0]' return information about the last
#error that occurred -
#this code is made available through the sys library that we imported above
#Quite Magical :)
stopOrProceed = input("Hmm..stop or proceed? Enter 1 to stop, enter anything else to continue")
if stopOrProceed ==1 :
print ('OK...Stopping\n')
break
#this break will break out of the nearest loop - in this case,
#the while loop
else:
print ("Cool! Let's continue\n")
continue
# this continue will skip out of the current iteration of this
#loop and move to the next i.e. the loop will reset to the start
print (crawledWebLinks.keys())

Your issue is that you are trying to call urllib3.urlopen(), and urllib3 does not have a member urlopen Here is a working snippet. All that I did was replace urllib3 with urllib.request:
import urllib.request
import sys
urlToRead = 'http://www.google.com'
crawledWebLinks = {}
while urlToRead != ' ':
try:
urlToRead = input("Please enter the next URL to crawl: ")
if urlToRead == '':
print ("OK, exiting loop")
break
#if the user leaves the input blank it will break out of the loop
shortName = input("Please enter a short name for the URL " + urlToRead + ": ")
webFile = urllib.request.urlopen(urlToRead).read()
crawledWebLinks[shortName] = webFile
except:
print ("*************\nUnexpected Error*****", sys.exc_info()[0])
stopOrProceed = input("Hmm..stop or proceed? Enter 1 to stop, enter anything else to continue")
if stopOrProceed ==1 :
print ('OK...Stopping\n')
break
else:
print ("Cool! Let's continue\n")
continue
print (crawledWebLinks)
Another note, simply printing out the type of error in your except block is not very useful. I was able to debug your code in 30 seconds once I removed that and viewed the actual traceback.

How to jump back to a specific line of code (Python)

I just pulled out some old code but I'm curious to know how to jump back to a specific line of code. What I mean by this is that if there is an if statement, it will do something unless told otherwise, anyways, what I want to do is when the if statement ends, or when I get to the else bit, I want the code to not start all over again but start at a certain line in the code. I will explain more below:
CODE:
def main():
abc = 'AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz'
message = input("What's the message to encrypt/decrypt? ")
def keyRead():
try:
return int(input("What number would you like for your key value? "))
except ValueError:
print("You must enter a number!")
main()
key = keyRead()
choice = input("Choose: encrypt or decrypt. ")
if choice == "encrypt":
encrypt(abc, message, key)
elif choice == "decrypt":
encrypt(abc, message, key * (-1))
else:
print("You must chose either 'encrypt' or 'decrypt!'")
main()
def encrypt(abc, message, key):
cipherText = ""
for letter in message:
if letter in abc:
newPosition = (abc.find(letter) + key * 2) % 52
cipherText += abc[newPosition]
else:
cipherText += letter
print(cipherText)
return cipherText
main()
So what I want really is that if the user doesn't input encrypt or decrypt it will show them the message: You must enter either 'encrypt' or 'decrypt'! but under this line I want it to go back to the choice part and not all the way back to the message part. If there is a way to do this I would really appreciate you helping me out!!

albeit loop best suited your case, but you really could jump back to a specific line:
import sys
def jump(lineno):
frame = sys._getframe().f_back
called_from = frame
def hook(frame, event, arg):
if event == 'line' and frame == called_from:
try:
frame.f_lineno = lineno
except ValueError as e:
print "jump failed:", e
while frame:
frame.f_trace = None
frame = frame.f_back
return None
return hook
while frame:
frame.f_trace = hook
frame = frame.f_back
sys.settrace(hook)
use this function to jump back to line key = keyRead().
besides, there are goto implementation in the wild.

how to write an encryption program in python

I am needing a bit of help on my encryption program. Instead of having the program just move the letters by two (c would become a or r would become p) I'd like to be able to have it reference 2 lists, the first one going from a-z normally and the other with letters in different order to act as the encrypt/decrypt side. Hopefully that makes sense. Here's what i have so far.
result = ''
choice = ''
message = ''
while choice != 0:
choice = input("\n Do you want to encrypt or decrypt the message?\n 1 to encrypt, 2 to decrypt or 0 to exit program. ")
if choice == '1':
message = input('\nEnter message for encryption: ')
for i in range(0, len(message)):
result = result + chr(ord(message[i]) - 2)
print(result + '\n\n')
result = ''
if choice == '2':
message = input('\nEnter message to decrypt: ')
for i in range(0, len(message)):
result = result + chr(ord(message[i]) + 2)
print(result + '\n\n')
result = ''
elif choice != '0':
print('You have entered an invalid input, please try again. \n\n')
This works fine and dandy but i'd like to have the lists. Lets say list 1 is A,B,C,D,E and list 2 would be W,N,U,D,P. just for ease of use purposes.

Here is a solution, for small letters only. It can easily be modified to handle also capital letters, by adding them to the text strings.
As can be seen, the space character is at the same position in both lists. This is not necessary, as any character can be translated to any other. However if the decrypted or encrypted is not containing unique characters only, the program will break down.
decrypted = b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz "
encrypted = b"qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm "
encrypt_table = bytes.maketrans(decrypted, encrypted)
decrypt_table = bytes.maketrans(encrypted, decrypted)
result = ''
choice = ''
message = ''
while choice != '0':
choice = input("\n Do you want to encrypt or decrypt the message?\n 1 to encrypt, 2 to decrypt or 0 to exit program. ")
if choice == '1':
message = input('\nEnter message for encryption: ')
result = message.translate(encrypt_table)
print(result + '\n\n')
elif choice == '2':
message = input('\nEnter message to decrypt: ')
result = message.translate(decrypt_table)
print(result + '\n\n')
elif choice != '0':
print('You have entered an invalid input, please try again. \n\n')

Ok, so a few things here...
First I'll give you exactly what you were looking for and explain what I used and some of the changes that needed to be made to your original code. Then I'll explain some inherent issues what what you're trying to do and suggest some areas to read up on/some ways you might want to improve what you've got.
Here's the code you're looking for (while retaining the same flow as what you submitted put above):
import random
result = ''
choice = ''
message = ''
characters_in_order = [chr(x) for x in range(32,127)]
while choice != 0:
choice = input("\n Do you want to encrypt or decrypt the message?\n 1 to encrypt, 2 to decrypt or 0 to exit program. ")
if str(choice) == '1':
message = input('\nEnter message for encryption: ')
r_seed = input('Enter an integer to use as a seed: ')
random.seed(r_seed)
shuffled_list = [chr(x) for x in range(32,127)]
random.shuffle(shuffled_list)
for i in range(0, len(message)):
result += shuffled_list[characters_in_order.index(message[i])]
print(result + '\n\n')
result = ''
elif str(choice) == '2':
message = input('\nEnter message to decrypt: ')
r_seed = input('Enter an integer to use as a seed (should be the same one used to encrypt): ')
random.seed(r_seed)
shuffled_list = [chr(x) for x in range(32,127)]
random.shuffle(shuffled_list)
for i in range(0, len(message)):
result += characters_in_order[shuffled_list.index(message[i])]
print(result + '\n\n')
result = ''
elif str(choice) != '0':
print('You have entered an invalid input, please try again. \n\n')
You'll notice that I set a global 'characters in order' list, which is just every ASCII character (32-126) in order. I also imported the 'random' module and used this to shuffle the characters in order according to a seed that the user inputs. As long as this seed is the same on the encryption and decryption end, it will produce the same shuffled list and it should work to encrypt or decipher the same string. Also notice the str() around your input choices. Without that, the user had to input '1', rather than 1 to submit a choice without an error.
All of that said...
Notice that the way the new function works is by looking at a character's index in one list and pulling out the character at that index in another. The method you were using, of incrementing or decrementing a character's ASCII code is basic (though not much more basic than this), but it also has a pretty critical flaw, which is that characters on one end or another of the ASCII set wouldn't return ASCII characters. If you were encrypting it at a bit-level, which would be preferred, this wouldn't matter/would be irrelevant, but here you're not going to get the kind of string back that you want if you were to, for example, enter a [space] (ASCII 32) into your plaintext to be encrypted.
If you're interested, you might want to read up on symmetric key encryption/DES for some ideas on how encryption is really done, though props on the start/interest and this can certainly be a fun way to create some sort of cryptogram puzzle or something along those lines. I won't pretend to be any kind of expert, but I can at least point you in the write direction. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm)
Consider having your code read in a .txt file and print out to a .txt file, rather than using user input for the message.
Again, I'm not an expert by any means and there are definitely some fun uses of the kind of program you're aiming for, just trying to point you in the right direction if this is something that you're interested in. Hope all of that is helpful!

Here is my solution. It uses a randomizer to encrypt the file by assigning a ASCII value to the plain text and randomly shifts it around.
from random import randint
import sys
def menu():
input1=int(input(""" please select what you want to do:
1.Encrypt
2.Decrypt
3.Extended Encryption
4.exit
"""))#menu to choose what you want to do
if input1==1:
encrypt() #takes you to the encrypt function
elif input1==2:
decrypt()#takes you to the decrypt function
elif input1==3:
enxtended()#takes you to the extended encryption function
elif input1==4:
sys.exit #exits the program
else:
print("invalid entry try again")
menu()
def encrypt():
file_name=str(input("please enter the name of the file that you want to open\n"))
try:
text_file=open(file_name + ".txt","r")#puts the text file into read
text_file=text_file.read()#reads the text file
print(text_file)#prints the strings in the document
except:
print("error try again")
encrypt()
random(text_file)
def random(text_file):
list1=("")#creates blank string
for x in range (0,8):
num=(randint(33,126))#generates a random number between33 and 126
ascii1=chr(num) #converts it into an ascii character
list1=list1+ascii1#adds the ascii character to the blank string list1
print (f"your 8 key code is {list1}") #prints 8 character code
offset(list1,text_file)
def offset(list1,text_file):
total=0
for x in range (8,):
total=total+ord(list1[x]) #turns each character into an ascii value
total=total/8 #divides it by
total=round(total,0)#rounds it to 0 decimel places
print(total)
total=total-32#minuses 32 from total
print(f"your offset factor is {total}")
encrypting(total,text_file)
def encrypting(total,text_file):
length=len(text_file)
string1=("")
for x in range (length,):
numascii=ord(text_file[x])#turns the characters into its ascii value
numascii=int(numascii)#makes sure they are integers
if numascii==32:
letter=chr(32)#converts spaces back into spaces
string1=string1+letter#adds space to thestring
else:
numascii1=numascii+total#adds the character value to the offset factor
numascii1=int(numascii1)#makes sure it is an integer
if numascii1>126:# if the ascii value is great then 126
numascii1=numascii1-94#minus 94 from it
letter=chr(numascii1)#turn it into a character
string1=string1+letter#add it to the string
else:
letter=chr(numascii1)#turn the ascii value into a character
string1=string1+letter#add it to the string
print(f"your encrypted file is {string1}")
savefile(string1)
menu()

I have written separate programs for encryption and decryption. Both of these use file manipulation techniques. Use the username 'eggs' and password 'chicks' so that not anyone can see my secret code. I have used hashlib for more security. Just change the User 'Soumajit' to your respective Username to make it work. The first one is encryption and the next one is for decryption.
#ENCRYPTION
from time import sleep
import subprocess
import hashlib
def copy2clip(txt):
cmd='echo '+txt.strip()+'|clip'
return subprocess.check_call(cmd, shell=True)
def en():
alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqsrtuwvxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQSRTUVWXYZ,./?:;!##$%_&* ()`-+=1234567890"
encrypt = ""
decrypt = ""
print
print "Type y for yes and anything else for no"
start = raw_input("Do you want to import file from desktop? ")
if start == "y":
Open = raw_input("Enter the .txt file you want to open in desktop: ")
a = open("C://Users//Soumajit//Desktop//" + Open + ".txt", "r")
print
x = (a.read())
copy2clip(x)
a.close()
print "Right click and select paste below to encrypt"
print
message = raw_input()
for i in message:
x = alphabet.find(i)
new = (x - 5) % 74
encrypt += alphabet[new]
e2 = encrypt[::-1]
else:
print "Type your message below"
message = raw_input("")
for i in message:
x = alphabet.find(i)
new = (x - 5) % 74
encrypt += alphabet[new]
e2 = encrypt[::-1]
print
a = raw_input("By what name do you want to save it?: ")
file = open(a + ".txt", 'wb')
file.write(e2)
file.close()
copy = raw_input("Do you want to copy your file? ")
if copy == 'y':
copy2clip(e2)
print 'Your encrypted file has been copied to the clipboard'
else:
print "Your encrypted file has been saved with the name " + str(a) + " in desktop"
print "To decrypt it, use my other program"
sleep(3)
u = 'e415bf03b4d860dccba57cea46371f831d772ba1deca47f28fa7d1f7'
p = 'c35f7f79dc34a678beb2b4106c84c9963561e7c64bc170e50c429b9a'
ur = raw_input('Enter your username: ')
ur1 = hashlib.sha224(ur).hexdigest()
pr = raw_input('Enter your password: ')
pr1 = hashlib.sha224(pr).hexdigest()
if ur1 == u and pr1 == p:
print 'Access granted'
sleep(1)
en()
else:
print "Incorrect username or password"
sleep(1)
#DECRYPTION
from time import sleep
import subprocess
import hashlib
def copy2clip(txt):
cmd='echo '+txt.strip()+'|clip'
return subprocess.check_call(cmd, shell=True)
def de():
print "Type y for yes and anything else for no"
start = raw_input("Do you want to import file from desktop? ")
if start == "y":
Open = raw_input("Enter the .txt file you want to open from folder: ")
a = open("C://Users//Soumajit//Desktop//" + Open + ".txt", "r")
x = (a.read())
#print x
copy2clip(x)
print "Right click and select paste below to decrypt"
print
message = raw_input()
a.close()
alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqsrtuwvxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQSRTUVWXYZ,./?:;!##$%_&*()`-+=1234567890"
decrypt = ''
for i in message:
x = alphabet.find(i)
new = (x + 5) % 74
decrypt += alphabet[new]
d2 = decrypt[::-1]
d3 = d2.replace("`", " ")
final = d3.replace("2", " ")
print
print final
else:
print "Type or paste your encrypted text below"
print
message = raw_input()
alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqsrtuwvxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQSRTUVWXYZ,./?:;!##$%_&*()`-+=1234567890"
decrypt = ''
for i in message:
x = alphabet.find(i)
new = (x + 5) % 74
decrypt += alphabet[new]
d2 = decrypt[::-1]
d3 = d2.replace("`", " ")
final = d3.replace("2", " ")
print
print final
u = 'e415bf03b4d860dccba57cea46371f831d772ba1deca47f28fa7d1f7'
p = 'c35f7f79dc34a678beb2b4106c84c9963561e7c64bc170e50c429b9a'
ur = raw_input('Enter your username: ')
ur1 = hashlib.sha224(ur).hexdigest()
pr = raw_input('Enter your password: ')
pr1 = hashlib.sha224(pr).hexdigest()
if ur1 == u and pr1 == p:
print 'Access granted'
sleep(1)
de()
print
end = raw_input('press q to quit: ')
while end != 'q':
print 'You did not type q'
end = raw_input('press q to quit: ')
if end == 'q':
quit()
else:
print 'Incorrect username or password'
sleep(1)
quit()

Caesar Cipher Code Python printing on separate lines

The code below works fine, however the message prints onto separate lines once it has been encrypted. For example if I type: abc with the shift of 1 it encrypts it but prints it back as:
b
c
d
And I don't understand why. I want it to print as:
bcd
Here is the code:
print("Welcome to the Code-Breaking/Making Software")
print("This program uses something called a Caesar Cipher.")
Message = (input("Please enter the message you wish to Encrypt >> "))
Shift = int(input("Please enter the shift for your message >> "))
for x in Message:
OrdMessage = ord(x)
ShiftedMessage = OrdMessage + Shift
NewMessage = chr(ShiftedMessage)
NewMessageList = list(NewMessage)
print("".join(NewMessageList))

Indentation matters and you shouldn't create new list of NewMessage everytime
print("Welcome to the Code-Breaking/Making Software")
print("This program uses something called a Caesar Cipher.")
Message = (input("Please enter the message you wish to Encrypt >> "))
Shift = int(input("Please enter the shift for your message >> "))
NewMessageList = []
for x in Message:
OrdMessage = ord(x)
ShiftedMessage = OrdMessage + Shift
NewMessage = chr(ShiftedMessage)
NewMessageList.append(NewMessage)
print("".join(NewMessageList))

you should change the following part;
print("".join(NewMessageList), end="")

What happening was is that for each charachter it was running the loop and printing the answer, now I have collected all the encrypted letter and clubbed them as one in the end and printed it.
it at first initialize an empty list with NewMessage = [] and then for every letter that we get encrypted it adds to that empty list using .append() and at end print all by ''.join(NewMessage)
print("Welcome to the Code-Breaking/Making Software")
print("This program uses something called a Caesar Cipher.")
Message = (input("Please enter the message you wish to Encrypt >> "))
Shift = int(input("Please enter the shift for your message >> "))
NewMessage = []
for x in Message:
OrdMessage = ord(x)
ShiftedMessage = OrdMessage + Shift
NewMessage.append(chr(ShiftedMessage))
print(''.join(NewMessage))

python input check function not being called properly

I'm working on a very simple temperature converter in Python (just for practice), and am struggling with some of the UX components. I'd like to have checks in place to continue prompting for variable input when invalid entries are made. My full code is below:
o_temp = ''
def temp_input(o_temp):
o_temp = raw_input('Enter a temperature (round to nearest integer): ')
return o_temp
def temp_input_check(o_temp):
o_temp = list(o_temp)
for i in o_temp:
if i not in '1234567890':
print 'Invalid entry. Please enter only the numerical temperature measurement in integer format.'
temp_input(o_temp)
else:
break
def converter(o_temp):
unit = raw_input('Convert to (F)ahrenheit or (C)elsius? ')
unit = unit.upper()
if unit == 'F' or unit == 'f':
n_temp = (9.0/5.0) * int(o_temp) + 32
print '%d C = %d F' % (o_temp, n_temp)
quit()
elif unit == 'C' or unit == 'c':
n_temp = (5.0/9.0) * (int(o_temp) - 32)
print '%d F = %d C' % (o_temp, n_temp)
quit()
else: #check for valid entry
print 'Invalid entry. Please enter F for Fahrenheit or C for Celsius'
unit_input()
def temp_converter():
#title, call sub-functions
print ''
print 'Temperature Converter'
print ''
temp_input(o_temp)
temp_input_check(o_temp)
converter(o_temp)
temp_converter()
However, when I enter an invalid entry (say, a letter or a combination of letters and numbers) into the o_temp prompt, the code does not seem to recognize that this is invalid and continues with the unit prompt. Am I not correctly returning the variable? What's the issue here? I tried removing the initial o_temp declaration but then I got "NameError: global name 'o_temp' is not defined"
EDIT
I came up with this solution, any further suggestions to refine the code at all?
def converter():
print 'Temperature Converter'
while 1:
temp = raw_input('Starting temperature? ')
try:
temp = float(temp)
except ValueError:
print 'Invalid entry. Please enter only the numerical temperature measurement.'
else:
break
while 1:
unit = raw_input('Convert to Fahrenheit or Celsius? ')
if unit.upper().startswith('F') == True:
print "%f C = %f F" % (temp, temp*9./5+32)
return False
elif unit.upper().startswith('C') == True:
print "%f F = %f C" % (temp, (temp-32)*5./9)
return False
else:
print 'Invalid entry. Please enter F for Fahrenheit or C for Celsius'
converter()

You define some functions, then call temp_coverter(). This function calls temp_input(otemp), sending it an empty string for no reason that I can see, other than the possibility that you're unaware that you can define a function with no parameters. This function then returns a value, which you don't save.
After that, temp_input_check(otemp) is called, which attempts to validate the same empty string. This function's returned value isn't saved, which isn't a big loss, because None isn't a particularly useful value to save.
Then converter(otemp) sends the same old empty string to the actual converter. Mayhem results.
I recommend spending some quality time with the tutorial.
When you're done, the code should look more like this:
def converter():
print 'Temperature Converter'
unit = raw_input('Convert to Fahrenheit or Celsius? ')
while 1:
temp = raw_input('Starting temperature? ')
try:
temp = float(temp)
except ValueError:
print 'Not a valid temperature.'
else:
break
if unit.lower().startswith('f'):
print "%f C = %f F" % (temp, temp*9./5+32)
else:
print "%f F = %f C" % (temp, (temp-32)*5./9)
converter()

Your for loop isn't implemented correctly.
def temp_input_check(o_temp):
o_temp = list(o_temp)
for i in o_temp:
if i not in '1234567890':
print 'Invalid entry. Please enter only the numerical temperature measurement in integer format.'
temp_input(o_temp)
else:
break
You check every character for an invalid entry. If you typed in multiple invalid characters, it'll keep hitting the trigger after you have already determined that the string is invalid!
Also, if your first character is valid, you're telling it to break from the for loop (in your code 1fdsdfdsf would be a valid temperature, because it would skip every character after hitting that else statement and breakout from the loop).
Also, your temp_input doesn't need to accept an argument in the function (you're just gonna return the user's input). You actually want to assign it after you call the function instead of having it as an argument
Also, you're calling temp_input again to get the user input, but not capturing that anywhere with a return - so it's ultimately not doing anything. You should have your function return a True or False, and then catch that on the outside of the checker if you want to have the user try and enter a better temperature:
def temp_input_check(o_temp):
o_temp = list(o_temp)
for i in o_temp:
if i not in '1234567890':
print 'Invalid entry. Please enter only the numerical temperature measurement in integer format.'
return False
else:
pass # nothing is wrong with this character, keep checking
return True # if we hit this line, there were no problem characters
Then, when you call the stuff:
while(1):
o_temp = temp_input()
if temp_input_check(o_temp):
break # this means our o_temp is allllright.
# otherwise, go back to the start of the loop and ask for another temp
converter(o_temp)

because you mentioned 'o_temp' as the function parameter in the end but mentioned it as a empty string at Start. Don't give same names for global & function variables (just to avoid confusion). the function took the o_temp you mentioned above as parameter and neglects the one inside them.
Also the raw_input won't consider the input as string. Try input instead to avoid the sensibility of not using str to correct the loop.
This will do:
def converter():
o_temp = float(raw_input('Enter a temperature (round to nearest integer): '))
for i in str(o_temp):
if i not in ['1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','0','.']:
print 'Invalid entry. Please enter only the numerical temperature measurement in integer format.'
unit = raw_input('Convert to (F)ahrenheit or (C)elsius? ')
if unit in ['f','F']:
n_temp = (9.0/5.0) * float(o_temp) + 32
print '%f C = %f F' % (o_temp, n_temp)
elif unit in ['c','C']:
n_temp = (5.0/9.0) * (float(o_temp) - 32)
print '%f F = %f C' % (o_temp, n_temp)
else: #check for valid entry
print 'Invalid entry. Please enter F for Fahrenheit or C for Celsius'
unit_input()
def temp_converter():
#title, call sub-functions
print ''
print 'Temperature Converter'
print ''
converter()
print temp_converter()