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How to pass template text to a view programmatically without using a file?

I'm writing some tests and I need to use templates in my view without using a file (e.g. via ViewPageTemplateFile). The template must evaluate the tal expressions and access the functions of the view. Here is my current problem. I get an error on evaluating the view in the PageTemplate. I'm not sure whether my code follows best practices.
from plone.app.testing import TEST_USER_NAME, TEST_USER_PASSWORD
from plone.testing.z2 import Browser
from zope.component import getGlobalSiteManager
from zope.publisher.interfaces.browser import IBrowserView
from Products.Five.browser import BrowserView
from zope.pagetemplate.pagetemplate import PageTemplate
class MyView(BrowserView):
def __init__(self, context, request):
self.context = context
self.request = request
def render(self):
template = PageTemplate()
text = '''\
<div tal:on-error="string:view fails"><span tal:replace="view/var"/></div>
<div tal:on-error="string:python fails"><span tal:replace="python:'python works'"/></div>
'''
template.write(text)
return template()
def __call__(self):
return self.render()
def var(self):
return 'my_value'
global_site_manager = getGlobalSiteManager()
global_site_manager.registerAdapter(MyView, (None, None), IBrowserView, 'my_view')
browser=Browser(app.Plone)
browser.addHeader('Authorization',
'Basic %s:%s' % (TEST_USER_NAME, TEST_USER_PASSWORD))
browser.open(app.Plone.absolute_url() + '/##my_view')
print browser.contents
produces following output:
<div>view fails</div>
<div>
python works
</div>

My workaround until now is to create my own class MyPageTemplate(PageTemplate), passing the view's instance as argument in the constructor, and override pt_getContext to populate the namespace with view, context, and request from the instance.
I would like to know whether there is a better solution (best practices).
Here my workaround:
from plone.app.testing import TEST_USER_NAME
from plone.app.testing import TEST_USER_PASSWORD
from plone.testing.z2 import Browser
from zope.component import getGlobalSiteManager
from zope.publisher.interfaces.browser import IBrowserView
from Products.Five.browser import BrowserView
from Products.Five.browser.pagetemplatefile import ViewPageTemplateFile
from zope.pagetemplate.pagetemplate import PageTemplate
from zope.interface import Interface
from zope.publisher.browser import IDefaultBrowserLayer
class MyPageTemplate(PageTemplate):
instance = None
def __init__(self, instance):
self.instance = instance
def pt_getContext(self, instance, request, **kw):
namespace = super(MyPageTemplate, self).pt_getContext(**kw)
namespace['view'] = self.instance
namespace['context'] = self.instance.context
namespace['request'] = self.instance.request
return namespace
class MyView(BrowserView):
def __init__(self, context, request):
self.context = context
self.request = request
def render(self):
template = MyPageTemplate(self)
text = '''\
<div tal:on-error="string:request fails">request<span tal:replace="structure request"/> works</div>
<div tal:on-error="string:context fails">context/id=<span tal:replace="context/id"/> works</div>
<div tal:on-error="string:view fails">view/my_var=<span tal:replace="view/my_var"/> works</div>
<div tal:on-error="string:python fails"><span tal:replace="python:'python works'"/></div>
'''
template.write(text)
return template()
def __call__(self):
return self.render()
def my_var(self):
return 'my_value'
global_site_manager = getGlobalSiteManager()
global_site_manager.registerAdapter(MyView, (None, None), IBrowserView, 'my_view')
browser=Browser(app.Plone)
browser.addHeader('Authorization', 'Basic %s:%s' % (TEST_USER_NAME, TEST_USER_PASSWORD))
browser.open(app.Plone.absolute_url() + '/##my_view')
print browser.contents

Google App Engine: TypeError: 'tuple' object is not callable

Currently trying to create a basic blog using Google App Engine in Python. Here's the python code that I am using:
import os
import re
import webapp2
import jinja2
from string import letters
from google.appengine.ext import db
template_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')
jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(loader = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(template_dir), autoescape=True)
class Handler(webapp2.RequestHandler):
def write(self, *a, **kw):
self.response.out.write(*a, **kw)
def render_str(self, template, **params):
t = jinja_env.get_template(template)
return t.render(params)
def render(self, template, **kw):
self.write(self.render_str(template, **kw))
def post_key(name = "dad"):
return db.Key.from_path('blog', name)
class Blogger(db.Model):
name = db.StringProperty()
content = db.TextProperty()
created = db.DateTimeProperty(auto_now_add = True)
def render(self):
self._render_text = self.content.replace('\n', '<br>')
return render_str("post.html", p = self)
class MainPage(Handler):
def get(self):
self.response.write("Visit our blog")
class BlogHandler(Handler):
def get(self):
posts = db.GqlQuery("SELECT * FROM Blogger order by created desc")
self.render("frontblog.html", posts = posts)
class SubmitHandler(Handler):
def get(self):
self.render("temp.html")
def post(self):
name = self.request.get("name")
content = self.request.get("content")
if name and content:
a = Blogger(parent = post_key(), name = name, content = content)
a.put()
self.redirect('/blog/%s' % str(a.key().id()))
else:
error = "Fill in both the columns!"
self.render("temp.html", name = name, content = content, error = error)
class DisplayPost(Handler):
def get(self, post_id):
po = Blogger.get_by_id(post_id)
if po:
self.render("perma.html", po = po)
else:
self.response.write("404 Error")
app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([('/', MainPage),
('/blog', BlogHandler),
('/blog/submit', SubmitHandler)
('/blog/([0-9]+)', DisplayPost)], debug=True)
However, when I try to run this code on my local server, this is what I get as an error:
File "F:\Python 2.7\engineapp1\HelloApp\appapp\main.py", line 66, in <module>
('/blog/([0-9]+)', DisplayPost)], debug=True)
TypeError: 'tuple' object is not callable
What seems to be the problem here?

You forgot to add a comma.
('/blog/submit', SubmitHandler) <---- missed comma over here
('/blog/([0-9]+)', DisplayPost)], debug=True)
It's acting like a function in this case, you're passing a parameter to a tuple which result in an error that the tuple is not callable.
('/blog/submit', SubmitHandler)(parameter)

There's a missing comma at the line:
('/blog/submit', SubmitHandler)
It should be:
('/blog/submit', SubmitHandler),
Without the comma, you have ('/blog/submit', SubmitHandler)('/blog/([0-9]+)', DisplayPost), which is trying to call ('/blog/submit', SubmitHandler) as a function, with '/blog/([0-9]+)' and DisplayPost as parameters. Since that's not a function, but a tuple, you get that error.

Google Oauth 2 using flask_googlelogin

Hello Stackoveflow members
I am making a Google Plus user authentication using Oauth and at the same time I need to fetch user profile, pics and drive information as well. The best way to do this is to use Oauth. So I am using flask_googlelogin.
I am trying to use the example.py of this library but What I found that the API works well and my Application pages comes up with information and Cancel and Accept button. But when I push accept button, I get the flask error
TypeError: 'instancemethod' object has no attribute 'getitem'
Now please have a look at the example.py code and flask_googlelogin.py code
here
import json
from flask import Flask, url_for, redirect, session
from flask_login import (UserMixin, login_required, login_user, logout_user,
current_user)
from flask_googlelogin import GoogleLogin
users = {}
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.update(
SECRET_KEY='<secret_key>',
GOOGLE_LOGIN_CLIENT_ID='<client_id>',
GOOGLE_LOGIN_CLIENT_SECRET='<client_secret>',
GOOGLE_LOGIN_REDIRECT_URI='<redirection_url>')
googlelogin = GoogleLogin(app)
class User(UserMixin):
def __init__(self, userinfo):
self.id = userinfo['id']
self.name = userinfo['name']
self.picture = userinfo.get('picture')
#googlelogin.user_loader
def get_user(userid):
return users.get(userid)
#app.route('/')
def index():
return """
<p><a href="%s">Login</p>
<p><a href="%s">Login with extra params</p>
<p><a href="%s">Login with extra scope</p>
""" % (
googlelogin.login_url(approval_prompt='force'),
googlelogin.login_url(approval_prompt='force',
params=dict(extra='large-fries')),
googlelogin.login_url(
approval_prompt='force',
scopes=['https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive'],
access_type='offline',
),
)
#app.route('/profile')
#login_required
def profile():
return """
<p>Hello, %s</p>
<p><img src="%s" width="100" height="100"></p>
<p>Token: %r</p>
<p>Extra: %r</p>
<p>Logout</p>
""" % (current_user.name, current_user.picture, session.get('token'),
session.get('extra'))
#app.route('/oauth2callback')
#googlelogin.oauth2callback
def login(token, userinfo, **params):
user = users[userinfo['id']] = User(userinfo)
login_user(user)
session['token'] = json.dumps(token)
session['extra'] = params.get('extra')
return redirect(params.get('next', url_for('.profile')))
#app.route('/logout')
def logout():
logout_user()
session.clear()
return """
<p>Logged out</p>
<p>Return to /</p>
"""
app.run(debug=True)
and flask_googlelogin.py code here
"""
Flask-GoogleLogin
"""
from base64 import (urlsafe_b64encode as b64encode,
urlsafe_b64decode as b64decode)
from urllib import urlencode
from urlparse import parse_qsl
from functools import wraps
from flask import request, redirect, abort, current_app, url_for
from flask_login import LoginManager, make_secure_token
import requests
GOOGLE_OAUTH2_AUTH_URL = 'https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth'
GOOGLE_OAUTH2_TOKEN_URL = 'https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token'
GOOGLE_OAUTH2_USERINFO_URL = 'https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/userinfo'
USERINFO_PROFILE_SCOPE = 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile'
class GoogleLogin(object):
"""
Main extension class
"""
def __init__(self, app=None, login_manager=None):
if login_manager:
self.login_manager = login_manager
else:
self.login_manager = LoginManager()
if app:
self._app = app
self.init_app(app)
def init_app(self, app, add_context_processor=True, login_manager=None):
"""
Initialize with app configuration. Existing
`flask_login.LoginManager` instance can be passed.
"""
if login_manager:
self.login_manager = login_manager
else:
self.login_manager = LoginManager()
# Check if login manager has been init
if not hasattr(app, 'login_manager'):
self.login_manager.init_app(
app,
add_context_processor=add_context_processor)
# Clear flashed messages since we redirect to auth immediately
self.login_manager.login_message = None
self.login_manager.needs_refresh_message = None
# Set default unauthorized callback
self.login_manager.unauthorized_handler(self.unauthorized_callback)
#property
def app(self):
return getattr(self, '_app', current_app)
#property
def scopes(self):
return self.app.config.get('GOOGLE_LOGIN_SCOPES', '')
#property
def client_id(self):
return self.app.config['GOOGLE_LOGIN_CLIENT_ID']
#property
def client_secret(self):
return self.app.config['GOOGLE_LOGIN_CLIENT_SECRET']
#property
def redirect_uri(self):
return self.app.config.get('GOOGLE_LOGIN_REDIRECT_URI')
#property
def redirect_scheme(self):
return self.app.config.get('GOOGLE_LOGIN_REDIRECT_SCHEME', 'http')
def sign_params(self, params):
return b64encode(urlencode(dict(sig=make_secure_token(**params),
**params)))
def parse_state(self, state):
return dict(parse_qsl(b64decode(str(state))))
def login_url(self, params=None, **kwargs):
"""
Return login url with params encoded in state
Available Google auth server params:
response_type: code, token
prompt: none, select_account, consent
approval_prompt: force, auto
access_type: online, offline
scopes: string (separated with commas) or list
redirect_uri: string
login_hint: string
"""
kwargs.setdefault('response_type', 'code')
kwargs.setdefault('access_type', 'online')
if 'prompt' not in kwargs:
kwargs.setdefault('approval_prompt', 'auto')
scopes = kwargs.pop('scopes', self.scopes.split(','))
if USERINFO_PROFILE_SCOPE not in scopes:
scopes.append(USERINFO_PROFILE_SCOPE)
redirect_uri = kwargs.pop('redirect_uri', self.redirect_uri)
state = self.sign_params(params or {})
return GOOGLE_OAUTH2_AUTH_URL + '?' + urlencode(
dict(client_id=self.client_id,
scope=' '.join(scopes),
redirect_uri=redirect_uri,
state=state,
**kwargs))
def unauthorized_callback(self):
"""
Redirect to login url with next param set as request.url
"""
return redirect(self.login_url(params=dict(next=request.url)))
def exchange_code(self, code, redirect_uri):
"""
Exchanges code for token/s
"""
token = requests.post(GOOGLE_OAUTH2_TOKEN_URL, data=dict(
code=code,
redirect_uri=redirect_uri,
grant_type='authorization_code',
client_id=self.client_id,
client_secret=self.client_secret,
)).json
if not token: # or token.get('error'):
abort(400)
return token
def get_userinfo(self, access_token):
userinfo = requests.get(GOOGLE_OAUTH2_USERINFO_URL, params=dict(
access_token=access_token,
)).json
if not userinfo: # or userinfo.get('error'):
abort(400)
return userinfo
def get_access_token(self, refresh_token):
"""
Use a refresh token to obtain a new access token
"""
token = requests.post(GOOGLE_OAUTH2_TOKEN_URL, data=dict(
refresh_token=refresh_token,
grant_type='refresh_token',
client_id=self.client_id,
client_secret=self.client_secret,
)).json
if not token: # or token.get('error'):
return
return token
def oauth2callback(self, view_func):
"""
Decorator for OAuth2 callback. Calls `GoogleLogin.login` then
passes results to `view_func`.
"""
#wraps(view_func)
def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
params = {}
# Check sig
if 'state' in request.args:
params.update(**self.parse_state(request.args.get('state')))
if params.pop('sig', None) != make_secure_token(**params):
return self.login_manager.unauthorized()
code = request.args.get('code')
# Web server flow
if code:
token = self.exchange_code(
code,
url_for(
request.endpoint,
_external=True,
_scheme=self.redirect_scheme,
),
)
#received = get_access_token(token['access_token'])
userinfo = self.get_userinfo(token['access_token'])
params.update(token=token, userinfo=userinfo)
# Browser flow
else:
if params:
params.update(dict(request.args.items()))
else:
return '''
<script>
window.onload = function() {
location.href = '?' + window.location.hash.substr(1);
};
</script>
'''
return view_func(**params)
return decorated
def user_loader(self, func):
"""
Shortcut for `login_manager`'s `flask_login.LoginManager.user_loader`
"""
self.login_manager.user_loader(func)
Please Note down there may be some disturbed code in def oauth2callback and the condition if code the line is
userinfo = self.get_userinfo(token['access_token'])
Here token['access_token'] produces the error names "TypeError: 'instancemethod' object has no attribute 'getitem'"
Please let me know how can I fix it

Looks like a bug or api change.
In exchange_code
token = requests.post(GOOGLE_OAUTH2_TOKEN_URL, data=dict(
code=code,
redirect_uri=redirect_uri,
grant_type='authorization_code',
client_id=self.client_id,
client_secret=self.client_secret,
)).json
token is now the json function. In newer versions of flask_googlelogin this is json().

Import and Inheritance Error

I am learning web application development, and am trying out the separating of modules just to keep my program more obviously object oriented and easy to navigate / understand.
My first import in Main.py is working fine:
import jinja2
import main_page # <<<- This import of my module works
import os
import webapp2
from string import letters
# loads templates to make our life easier
template_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')
jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(loader = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(template_dir),
autoescape = True)
######## Main App Function ########
app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([('/', MainPage)], debug=True)
My second import in main_page.py isn't working:
import main_handler # <<< -- This import is not working
######## Implementation ########
# main page handler
class MainPage(BaseHandler):
def get(self):
self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
visits = 0
visit_cookie_str = self.request.cookies.get('visits')
if visit_cookie_str:
cookie_val = check_secure_val(visit_cookie_str)
if cookie_val:
visits = int(cookie_val)
visits += 1
new_cookie_val = make_secure_val(str(visits))
self.response.headers.add_header('Set-Cookie', 'visits=%s' % new_cookie_val)
self.write("You've been here %s times and this is the cookie: \n %s" % (visits, new_cookie_val))
I get this error in the terminal:
File "/Users/James/Developer/Google-App-Engine/Cookies/main_page.py",
line 6, in
class MainPage(BaseHandler): NameError: name 'BaseHandler' is not defined
I've tried changing file names and class names inc ase they were getting confused with other modules. The files are all in the same folder.
This is the **main_handler.py**:
import webapp2
import string
import jinja2
import hashlib
import hmac
SECRET = "test secret"
# global hash functions
def hash_str(s):
return hmac.new(SECRET, s).hexdigest()
def make_secure_val(s):
return "%s|%s" % (s, hash_str(s))
def check_secure_val(h):
val = h.split('|')[0]
if h == make_secure_val(val):
return val
# this is a template with convenience methods
class BaseHandler(webapp2.RequestHandler):
def write(self, *a, **kw):
self.response.out.write(*a, **kw)
def render(self, template, **kw):
self.write(self.render_str(template, **kw))
def render_str(self, template, **params):
t = jinja_env.get_template(template)
return t.render(params)

When you import "main_handler", you can use it like this:
main_handler.make_secure_val
Not like this:
make_secure_val

Python : How to parse the json data and render it use webapp2 on GAE and deployed the search-result app?

everyone : )
I have A database that can search like "http://key.xxxxxx.org:10093/?q="
when type the keyword in url (behind the =mark), it can show lots of json data.
Now i write a simple webapp on GAE use webapp2 : on the /search page, when i type the keyword,
it can parse the jsondata content on the /result page. Here is my part of code :
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import os
import re
import httplib
import json
import urllib
from string import letters
import webapp2
import jinja2
template_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')
jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(loader = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(template_dir),
autoescape = True)
def render_str(template, **params):
t = jinja_env.get_template(template)
return t.render(params)
def renderJson(query):
conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('xxx.xxxxx.org:10093')
conn.request('GET', '/?q=%s' % urllib.quote_plus(query))
res = conn.getresponse()
data = res.read()
j = json.loads(data)
results = []
result = j['data']['group'][0]['resultitem']
for l in result:
for k,v in l.items():
if k == 'word':
results.append(l[k])
return results
class BaseHandler(webapp2.RequestHandler):
def render(self, template, **kw):
self.response.out.write(render_str(template, **kw))
def write(self, *a, **kw):
self.response.out.write(*a, **kw)
class Search(BaseHandler):
def get(self):
self.render("search.html")
def post(self):
q = self.request.get('query')
if q:
self.redirect('/result/?q='+query)
class Result(BaseHandler):
def get(self):
q = self.request.get('query')
self.render('result.html', query = q, result = renderJson(q))
app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([
('/search', Search),
('/result', Result)
],
debug=True)
in the search.html, i wrote
<input type="text" name="q" value="{{query}}"></input>
and in result.html
<p>{{result}}</p>

For getting the parameter from the url you need to use:
q = self.request.get('query')
See the Getting Started guide and the webapp improved documentation.
Then you would pass that parameter to renderJson as renderJson(q), also in renderJson
the second line will need to quote the query string first (and pass the q argument)
conn.request('GET', '/?q=%s' % urllib.quote(query))
Finally for rendering the final output please read the Getting Started Guide.