I am not well experienced with Regex but I have been reading a lot about it. Assume there's a string s = '111234' I want a list with the string split into L = ['111', '2', '3', '4']. My approach was to make a group checking if it's a digit or not and then check for a repetition of the group. Something like this
L = re.findall('\d[\1+]', s)
I think that \d[\1+] will basically check for either "digit" or "digit +" the same repetitions. I think this might do what I want.
Use re.finditer():
>>> s='111234'
>>> [m.group(0) for m in re.finditer(r"(\d)\1*", s)]
['111', '2', '3', '4']
If you want to group all the repeated characters, then you can also use itertools.groupby, like this
from itertools import groupby
print ["".join(grp) for num, grp in groupby('111234')]
# ['111', '2', '3', '4']
If you want to make sure that you want only digits, then
print ["".join(grp) for num, grp in groupby('111aaa234') if num.isdigit()]
# ['111', '2', '3', '4']
Try this one:
s = '111234'
l = re.findall(r'((.)\2*)', s)
## it this stage i have [('111', '1'), ('2', '2'), ('3', '3'), ('4', '4')] in l
## now I am keeping only the first value from the tuple of each list
lst = [x[0] for x in l]
print lst
output:
['111', '2', '3', '4']
If you don't want to use any libraries then here's the code:
s = "AACBCAAB"
L = []
temp = s[0]
for i in range(1,len(s)):
if s[i] == s[i-1]:
temp += s[i]
else:
L.append(temp)
temp = s[i]
if i == len(s)-1:
L.append(temp)
print(L)
Output:
['AA', 'C', 'B', 'C', 'AA', 'B']
Related
The following script generates 4-character permutations of set s and outputs to file:
import itertools
s = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '!']
l = list(itertools.product(s, repeat=4))
with open('output1.txt', 'w') as f:
for i in l:
f.write(''.join([str(v) for v in i]) + '\n')
Output:
...
11!1
11!2
11!3
11!4
11!!
...
How are constraints introduced such as:
No permutation should start with '!'
The 3rd character should be '3'
etc.
The repeat parameter is meant to be used when you do want the same set of options for each position in the sequence. Since you don't, then you should just use positional arguments to give the options for each position in the sequence. (docs link)
For your example, the first letter can be any of ['1', '2', '3', '4'], and the third letter can only be '3':
import itertools as it
s = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '!']
no_exclamation_mark = ['1', '2', '3', '4']
only_3 = ['3']
l = it.product(no_exclamation_mark, s, only_3, s)
#Kelly Bundy wrote the same solution in a comment, but simplified using the fact that strings are sequences of characters, so if your options for each position are just one character each then you don't need to put them in lists:
l = it.product('1234', '1234!', '3', '1234!')
Don't convert the result to a list. Instead, filter it using a generator comprehension:
result = itertools.product(s, repeat=4)
result = (''.join(word) for word in result)
result = (word for word in result if not word.startswith('!'))
result = (word for word in result if word[2] == '3')
The filtering will not be executed until you actually read the elements from result, such as converting it to a list or using a for-loop:
def f1(x):
print("Filter 1")
return x.startswith('A')
def f2(x):
print("Filter 2")
return x.endswith('B')
words = ['ABC', 'ABB', 'BAA', 'BBB']
result = (word for word in words if f1(word))
result = (word for word in result if f2(word))
print('No output here')
print(list(result))
print('Filtering output here')
This will output
No output here
Filter 1
Filter 2
Filter 1
Filter 2
Filter 1
Filter 1
['ABB']
Filtering output here
The itertools.product function can't handle the kinds of constraints you describe itself. You can probably implement them yourself, though, with extra iteration and changes to how you build your output. For instance, to generate a 4-character string where the third character is always 3, generate a 3-product and use it to fill in the first, second and fourth characters, leaving the third fixed.
Here's a solution for your two suggested constraints. There's not really a generalization to be made here, I'm just interpreting each one and combining them:
import itertools
s = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '!']
for i in s[:-1]: # skip '!'
for j, k in itertools.product(s, repeat=2): # generate two more values from s
print(f'{i}{j}3{k}')
This approach avoids generating values that will need to be filtered out. This is a lot more efficient than generating all possible four-tuples and filtering the ones that violate the constraints. The filtering approach will often do many times more work, and it gets proportionally much worse the more constraints you have (since more and more of the generated values will be filtered).
Itertools' product does not have an integrated filter mechanism. It will generate all permutations brutally and you will have to filter its output (which is not very efficient).
To be more efficient you would need to implement your own (recursive) generator function so that you can short-circuit the generation as soon as one of the constraint is not met (i.e. before getting to a full permutation):
def perm(a,p=[]):
# constraints applied progressively
if p and p[0] == "!": return
if len(p)>= 3 and p[2]!= '3': return
# yield permutation of 4
if len(p)==4: yield p; return
# recursion (product)
for x in a:
yield from perm(a,p+[x])
Output:
s = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '!']
for p in perm(s): print(p)
['1', '1', '3', '1']
['1', '1', '3', '2']
['1', '1', '3', '3']
['1', '1', '3', '4']
['1', '1', '3', '!']
['1', '2', '3', '1']
['1', '2', '3', '2']
['1', '2', '3', '3']
...
['4', '4', '3', '3']
['4', '4', '3', '4']
['4', '4', '3', '!']
['4', '!', '3', '1']
['4', '!', '3', '2']
['4', '!', '3', '3']
['4', '!', '3', '4']
['4', '!', '3', '!']
I have a list:
output = ['9', '-', '-', '7', '-', '4', '4', '-', '3', '-', '0', '2']
and I'm trying trying to reduce the '-','-' section to just a single '-', however, haven't had much luck in trying.
final = [output[i] for i in range(len(output)) if output[i] != output[i-1]]
final = 9-7-4-3-02
I've tried that above, but it also reduces the '4','4' to only '4'. So any help would be great.
You should check if the item is equal to the previous item and to '-', which can easily be done in Python using a == b == c.
Note that you should also handle the first character differently, since output[0] == output[0-1] will compare the first item with the last item, which might lead to invalid results.
The following code will handle this:
final = [output[0]] + [output[i] for i in range(1, len(output)) if not (output[i] == output[i-1] == '-')]
The zip() function is your friend for situations where you need to compare/process elements and their predecessor:
final = [a for a,b in zip(output,['']+output) if (a,b) != ('-','-')]
You can use itertools.groupby:
from itertools import groupby as gb
output = ['9', '-', '-', '7', '-', '4', '4', '-', '3', '-', '0', '2']
r = [j for a, b in gb(output) for j in ([a] if a == '-' else b)]
Output:
['9', '-', '7', '-', '4', '4', '-', '3', '-', '0', '2']
Is there a concise way to sort a list by first sorting numbers in ascending order and then sort the characters in descending order?
How would you sort the following:
['2', '4', '1', '6', '7', '4', '2', 'K', 'A', 'Z', 'B', 'W']
To:
['1', '2', '2', '4', '4', '6', '7', 'Z', 'W', 'K', 'B', 'A']
One way (there might be better ones) is to separate digits and letters beforehand, sort them appropriately and glue them again together in the end:
lst = ['2', '4', '1', '6', '7', '4', '2', 'K', 'A', 'Z', 'B', 'W']
numbers = sorted([number for number in lst if number.isdigit()])
letters = sorted([letter for letter in lst if not letter.isdigit()], reverse=True)
combined = numbers + letters
print(combined)
Another way makes use of ord(...) and the ability to sort by tuples. Here we use zero for numbers and one for letters:
def sorter(item):
if item.isdigit():
return 0, int(item)
else:
return 1, -ord(item)
print(sorted(lst, key=sorter))
Both will yield
['1', '2', '2', '4', '4', '6', '7', 'Z', 'W', 'K', 'B', 'A']
As for timing:
def different_lists():
global my_list
numbers = sorted([number for number in my_list if number.isdigit()])
letters = sorted([letter for letter in my_list if not letter.isdigit()], reverse=True)
return numbers + letters
def key_function():
global my_list
def sorter(item):
if item.isdigit():
return 0, int(item)
else:
return 1, -ord(item)
return sorted(my_list, key=sorter)
from timeit import timeit
print(timeit(different_lists, number=10**6))
print(timeit(key_function, number=10**6))
This yields (running it a million times on my MacBook):
2.9208732349999997
4.54283629
So the approach with list comprehensions is faster here.
To elaborate on the custom-comparison approach: in Python the built-in sort does key comparison.
How to think about the problem: to group values and then sort each group by a different quality, we can think of "which group is a given value in?" as a quality - so now we are sorting by multiple qualities, which we do with a key that gives us a tuple of the value for each quality.
Since we want to sort the letters in descending order, and we can't "negate" them (in the arithmetic sense), it will be easiest to apply reverse=True to the entire sort, so we keep that in mind.
We encode: True for digits and False for non-digits (since numerically, these are equivalent to 1 and 0 respectively, and we are sorting in descending order overall). Then for the second value, we'll use the symbol directly for non-digits; for digits, we need the negation of the numeric value, to re-reverse the sort.
This gives us:
def custom_key(value):
numeric = value.isdigit()
return (numeric, -int(value) if numeric else value)
And now we can do:
my_list.sort(key=custom_key, reverse=True)
which works for me (and also handles multi-digit numbers):
>>> my_list
['1', '2', '2', '4', '4', '6', '7', 'Z', 'W', 'K', 'B', 'A']
You will have to implement your own comparison function and pass it as the key argument for the sorted function. What you are seeking is not a trivial comparison as you "assign" custom values to fields so you will have to let Python know how you value each one of them
I have an example:
li = [['b', 'b', 'c', '3.2', 'text', '3', '5', '5'], ['a', 'w', '3', '4'], ['a', 'x', '3', '4'],['a','b'],['312','4']]
a = 0
b = []
c = []
count = []
for x in range(len(li)):
for a in range(len(li[x])):
if li[x][a].isalpha():
a += 1
elif not li[x][a].isalpha() and li[x][a + 1].isalpha():
a += 1
else:
break
i = (len(li[x]) - a)
b.extend([' '.join(li[x][0:a])])
b.extend(li[x][a::])
count.append(i)
for x in range(len(count)):
a = count[x] + 1
z = (sum(count[:x]))
if x == 0:
c.append(b[:a])
else:
c.append(b[a+1::z])
print(c)
I have various items in the li list and the length of the list itself is not constant.
If any element in the array is a string or if there is some other symbol between the two strings, it combines everything into one element - this join works as I wanted.
I would like to preserve the existing structure. For example, output now looks like this:
[['b b c 3.2 text', '3', '5', '5'], ['a w', 'a x', 'a b', '4'], ['a w', '4'], ['5', '4'], ['a w', '']]
but it should look like this:
[['b b c 3.2 text', '3', '5', '5'],['aw','3','4'],['ax','3','4'],['ab'],['312','4']
Of course, the code I sent did not work properly - I think of a solution but I still have some problems with it - I do not know how to add ranges to this list c - I try to pull the length of the elements of the list as count but it also doesn't work for me - maybe this is a bad solution? Maybe this extend b is not the best solution? Maybe there is no point in using so many 'transformations' and creating new lists?
Let me some tips.
The definition is a bit unclear to me, but I think this will do it. Code is not very verbose, though. If it does what you intended, I can try to explain / make it simpler.
li = [['b', 'b', 'c', '3.2', 'text', '3', '5', '5'], ['a', 'w', '3', '4'], ['a', 'x', '3', '4'],['a','b'],['312','4']]
def join_to_last_text(lst: list, min_join: int = 1) -> list:
last_text = max((i for i,s in enumerate(lst) if s.isalpha()), default=min_join - 1)
return [' '.join(lst[:last_text + 1])] + lst[last_text + 1:]
output = [join_to_last_text(lst) for lst in li]
print(output)
# You can join a minimum of first items by setting a higher max default.
# If max does not find isalpha, it will use this value.
output_min_2 = [join_to_last_text(lst, min_join=2) for lst in li]
print(output_min_2)
#Johan Schiff's code works as expected but leaves a corner case - when the first element of the list is not a text. I have made a small change in his code to take care of that situation:
li = [['b', 'b', 'c', '3.2', 'text', '3', '5', '5'], ['a', 'w', '3', '4'], ['a', 'x', '3', '4'],['a','b'],['312','4']]
def join_to_last_text(lst: list) -> list:
first_text = min((i for i,s in enumerate(lst) if s.isalpha()), default=0)
last_text = max((i for i,s in enumerate(lst) if s.isalpha()), default=0)
return lst[:first_text] + [''.join(lst[first_text:last_text + 1])] + lst[last_text + 1:]
output = [join_to_last_text(lst) for lst in li]
print(output)
Where would this give a different output(a correct one)? Check out the following test case:
li = [['4','b', 'b', 'c', '3.2', 'text', '3', '5', '5'], ['a', 'w', '3', '4']]
#Johan's code would output -
[['5bbc3.2text', '3', '5', '5'], ['aw', '3', '4']]
whereas based on the following phrase in the question
If any element in the array is a string or if there is some other symbol between the two strings, it combines everything into one element
the output should be-
[['5', 'bbc3.2text', '3', '5', '5'], ['aw', '3', '4']]
My goal is to have one list's duplicate items combine another list's elements together based on their corresponding index values, and also delete the first list's duplicates, so that there is still an equal number of indices for both lists.
Here's the start of the lists i'd like to change:
X = ['0', '1', '0', '1', '0', '1', '0']
Y = ['a', 'm', 'z', 'G', 'h', 'w', '22']
this is the result I'm looking for:
X = [0,1]
Y = ['azh22', 'mGw']
order also does not matter of the combined items in the second list (list Y) just as long as they're grouped together based on the items in list X.
I'm still a noobie with programming, and this one has me stumped.
Thanks!
You can use a defaultdict:
>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> d = defaultdict(str)
>>> for i, j in zip(X, Y):
... d[i] += j
...
>>> print d
defaultdict(<type 'str'>, {'1': 'mGw', '0': 'azh22'})
>>> print d.items()
[('1', 'mGw'), ('0', 'azh22')]
>>> X = d.keys()
>>> Y = d.values()
>>> print X
['1', '0']
>>> print Y
['mGw', 'azh22']
Zip the two lists together:
In [15]: zip(X, Y)
Out[15]:
[('0', 'a'),
('1', 'm'),
('0', 'z'),
('1', 'G'),
('0', 'h'),
('1', 'w'),
('0', '22')]
And turn it into a dictionary:
from collections import defaultdict
d = defaultdict(str)
for key, value in zip(X, Y):
d[key] += value # If the key doesn't exist, it'll default to an empty string
And now you have your resulting dictionary, which I think will be easier to work with than two lists:
{'1': 'mGw', '0': 'azh22'}