We Keep Coding

How would I allow others to use my script from anywhere in the shell without having to type out the file extension?

Excuse the awkward question wording.
I've made a script. I would like for others to download it from github, and run it by typing programName argument1 argument2, similar to any other popular app used through the terminal such as Jupyter or even opening Atom/Sublime/etc. (ex:jupyter notebook, atom .). However, unlike Jupyter or sublime, my script isn't launching another app, it's a small app meant to be used in the shell.
Currently, to use my script, one must type into the command line python programName.py arg1 etc from within the file's directory.
How do I allow others to dl it and use it from anywhere (not having to be within the directory), without having to type out the whole python programName.py part, and only having to type programName arg1?

This blog post explains step by step how to create a distribution that you can install and it would turn into an executable.
You can refer to this github repo for a sample application.
The full documentation of setuptools is available here.
In general, you should configure your setup.py in order to use the command in the entry-point option:
setup(
name = "your_app_name",
packages = ["package_name"],
entry_points = {
"console_scripts": ['cmd_name = package_name.package_name:main']
},
....
)
This solution would work on every OS where you have installed python.

Your script may need to have an interpreter, "shebang", besides being "reachable" by the $PATH
#!interpreter [optional-arg]
For example, you could have something like
#!/usr/bin/env python
or to force a specific version
#!/usr/local/bin/python2.7
Next, your script needs to be available within the $PATH, check this answer that covers that part: https://unix.stackexchange.com/q/29608/53084

You can simply add your script to PATH variable in order to launch it from anywhere.
In Linux distros, you can simply do it by using a bash command PATH=$PATH:/path/to/your/script.
Make sure you don't have the space around the "=" operator.
Now, the second thing is you don't want your script to be named as pythonProgram.py.You can simply remove the extension .py from PythonProgram.py by adding a single line to the starting of your script.
Open up your script and at the very begining type #!/usr/bin/python.This should be the first line of your code.This line is called shebang and is used to tell the bash which interpreter to be used for compiling the script.
If everything went right, you will be able to run your script as pythonProgram arg1.

In addition to mabe02: Python is a scripting language and usually not compiled, which means you will need an interpreter to run your program.
Programms made in C f.e. can be run on its own because they were compiled into machine code by a compiler.
An interpreter is similar to a compiler as it reads your script and interprets it at runntime. That is why you need to write python before your programm, to tell your computer to interpret your script on runntime, using python. This doesn't mean that there are no possibilities to compile python as can be seen in the other answer and in this link Can a python program be run on a computer without Python? What about C/C++? (py2exe and py2app).

Calling to a Sikuli script from Python (Selenium)

While running Selenium tests on a website, I have some Flash elements that I cannot test with Selenium/Python. I wanted to call out for a separate terminal window, run the Sikuli OCR tests, and then back into the Selenium/Python testing. I've not been able to figure this out exactly. I put XXX where I do not know the arguments for a new Terminal to open and run the Sikuli script.
def test_05(self):
driver = self.driver
driver.get(self.base_url + "/")
driver.find_element_by_link_text("Home").click()
driver.find_element_by_id("open_popup").click()
driver.find_element_by_id("screen_name").send_keys("user")
driver.find_element_by_id("password").send_keys("pwd")
driver.find_element_by_id("login_submit").click()
driver.find_element_by_id("button").click()
time.sleep(120)
os.system('XXX')
os.system('./Sikuli/sikuli-script -r test.sikuli')
I am sure there are a couple items wrong here. Any help would be greatly appreciated. I've searched and read what I can find on this already, but can't get it all to work together.

I ran into a similar issue, so I wrote a CPython module for Sikuli. The module is hosted on GitHub and available via pip install sikuli. It's able to access an included Sikuli jar using pyjnius, so you don't have to use Jython or even install Sikuli itself (although I'd recommend it for recording purposes). The module currently covers most of the simpler Sikuli functions, so it should cover a lot of use cases.
After installing, a simple from sikuli import * will get you started, but as a best practice, I'd suggest only importing the functions you want to use. This is particularly important for this module, because sikuli has a type function which overrides Python's own type function.

If your sikuli script is completely independent and you just want to run it for once and then have control back to your python script.
Then you can create a batch file, which calls your sikuli script and call this batch file from your python script instead.
Once the batch file is done running, it exits and returns the control back to your python script.
Sample Batch file:
#echo off
call C:\Sikuli\runIDE.cmd -r C:\Automation\Test1.sikuli
exit
Code snippet to call Sikuli script from inside python:
import subprocess
def runSikuliScript(path):
filepath = path
p = subprocess.Popen(filepath, shell=True, stdout = subprocess.PIPE)
stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
print "Done Running Sikuli"
p = "C:\\Automation\\Test1\\test1.bat"
runSikuliScript(p)
// You can carry on writing your python code from here on

For calling Sikuli code from Selenium, my first choice would be TestAutomationEngr's suggestion of using Java, since Selenium and Sikuli both have native Java bindings.
Since you want to use Python, you should try running Selenium under Jython. It's important to remember that Sikuli is Jython, which is probably why you're not able to import it. (The other reason would be that you don't have it in Jython's module path.) I have not tried this myself, but there was a bug fixed last year in Selenium which indicates that it should be fine under Jython.
Note that if you call your Sikuli code directly from Jython, you need to add
from sikuli.Sikuli import *
to the top. This is because the Sikuli IDE implicitly adds that to all Sikuli code.
Finally, your last resort is to call Sikuli from the command line. There's an FAQ for that. You probably want the "without IDE" version, where you're calling Java and passing in the sikuli-script JAR file.

Python curses Redirection is not supported

I am trying to use Curses in PyDev in Eclipse in Win7.
I have installed Python 3.2 (64bit) and curses-2.2.win-amd64-py3.2. When I input the following testing codes into PyDev:
import curses
myscreen = curses.initscr()
myscreen.border(0)
myscreen.addstr(12, 25, "Python curses in action!")
myscreen.refresh()
myscreen.getch()
curses.endwin()
It did not show any syntax error, so I think the curses was installed correctly.
However, when I ran it as Python Run, the output showed: Redirection is not supported. I do not know where this problem comes from. I googled a lot but can't find related information.

Recent PyCharm versions (I am currently running 2017.2, not sure when this option was added, or if it has been there the entire time) have the option "Emulate terminal in output console". Curses works with this option checked.

You cannot expect to use curses with a non-terminal.
Probably you get this because you are running the script from inside an IDE, like PyCharm or any other.
All IDEs do provide consoles that are not terminals, so that's where the problem comes from.

For a Pycharm user the solution given by codeape works fine :
Snapshot

You can't use any IDE to run python files with the curses package. I used to run in pycharm and naturally couldn't run.
Change to the command line to run:
for testing follow my following steps
on desktop open notepad and copy paste the code and save it as filename.py
open command line change directory to desktop use below command cd Desktop and hit enter type python example.py and hit enter, your program will definitely run

My workaround is to create a Run Configuration that calls a curses script. The little overhead is worth not having to switch to the terminal and manually run the script hundreds of times a session. I use Intellij but I imagine the process should be similar in PyCharm.
The desired result is the convenience of a button to run the script:
First create a script that calls the entry script, for instance:
ptyhon name-of-script.py
Then, to create a configuration for each script:
Go to Edit configuration.
Click the plus button and add a Shell Script.
Enter the path to a shell script.
Here is a picture of a directory with a couple of sample scripts.
I use this process to view my progress. My curses scripts are very modest so fortunately I can live without a debugger.

Running python script in Blender

I installed Blender 2.6 and I'm trying to run a script called drawcar.py (Which uses PyOpenGL)
I looked around the documentation for importing a script and could only access Blender's python console.
How do I run drawcar.py from the Linux terminal with Blender?

You can also execute the following code in the python console to execute an external script without opening it up in the text editor:
filename = "/full/path/to/myscript.py"
exec(compile(open(filename).read(), filename, 'exec'))
The above code comes from the following link:
Blender - Tips and Tricks

Open a Text Editor view in Blender.
Press Alt + O, or go to Text>Open Text Block and open the .py file
Then simply press Run script :D
P.s. Instead of opening a file in step 2, you can also hit the "+ New" button and create a new script instead.
Note : In newer versions the Run Script button label has been replaced with a Play icon :

this answer is too late, but to help anyone with the same problem
via the terminal:
blender yourblendfilenameorpath --python drawcar.py
from the man pages
-P or --python <filename>
Run the given Python script file.

To run a script by another script or from console:
import bpy
script = bpy.data.texts["script_name.py"]
exec(script.as_string())

It is likely that drawcar.py is trying to perform pyOpenGL commands inside Blender, and that won't work without modification. I suspect you are getting some import errors too (if you look at the command console). Blender has it's own internal python wrapper for opengl called bgl, which does include a lot of the opengl standards, but all prefixed by bgl.
If you have a link to drawcar.py I can have a look at it and tell you what's going on.

Running Python from the Windows Command Line

How do I run a Python file from the Windows Command Line (cmd.exe) so that I won't have to re-enter the code each time?

Wouldn't you simply save your Python code into a file, and then execute that file using Python?
Save your code into a file called Test.py.
And then run it?
$ C:\Python24\Python.exe C:\Temp\Test.py

If you don't want to install an IDE, you can also use IDLE which includes a Python editor and a console to test things out, this is part of the standard installation.
If you installed the python.org version, you will see an IDLE (Python GUI) in your start menu. I would recommend adding it to your Quick Launch or your desktop - whatever you are most familiar with. Then right-click on the shortcut you have created and change the "Start in" directory to your project directory or a place you can mess with, not the installation directory which is the default place and probably a bad idea.
When you double-click the shortcut it will launch IDLE, a console in which you can type in Python command and have history, completion, colours and so on. You can also start an editor to create a program file (like mentioned in the other posts). There is even a debugger.
If you saved your application in "test.py", you can start it from the editor itself. Or from the console with execfile("test.py"), import test (if that is a module), or finally from the debugger.

If you put the Python executable (python.exe) on your path, you can invoke your script using python script.py where script.py is the Python file that you want to execute.

Open a command prompt, by pressing Win+R and writing cmd in that , navigate to the script directory , and write : python script.py

A good tool to have is the IPython shell. Not only can it run your program (%run command), but it offers also many tools for using Python interactively in an efficient manner (automatic completion, syntax coloring, quick access to the documentation, good interaction with Matplotlib,…). After you install it, you'll have access to its shell in the Start menu.

You need to create environment variables. Follow the instructions here: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/command_line.shtml#environment-variables

In DOS you can use edit to create/modify text files, then execute them by typing python [yourfile]