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How to append keywords to IPTC data in a JPG image?

I'm trying to add keywords to the IPTC data in a JPG file and failing miserably. I'm able to read in the keywords using the iptcinfo3 library and, seemingly, append the keyword to the list of current keywords but I'm failing when trying to write those keywords back to the JPG file, if not sooner. The error message is a bit unclear to me and may actually reference the appending of the new keyword (although a print statement seems to indicate it took).
I've tried three different metadata libraries (there doesn't seem to be one standard) and this is the furthest I've gotten with any of them (failing to even install one and not being able to get a second one to run). This seems so basic but I can't figure it out and haven't been able to adapt the few other code examples I've seen online to work, including iptcinfo3's example code fragment.
The current Error message is:
| => pipenv run python editMetadata.py
WARNING: problems with charset recognition (b'\x1b')
[b'Gus']
[b'Gus', b'frog']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "editMetadata.py", line 22, in <module>
info.save_as('Gus2.jpg')
File "/Users/Scott/.local/share/virtualenvs/editPhotoMetadata-tx0JAOmI/lib/python3.7/site-packages/iptcinfo3.py", line 635, in save_as
jpeg_parts = jpeg_collect_file_parts(fh)
File "/Users/Scott/.local/share/virtualenvs/editPhotoMetadata-tx0JAOmI/lib/python3.7/site-packages/iptcinfo3.py", line 324, in jpeg_collect_file_parts
adobeParts = collect_adobe_parts(partdata)
File "/Users/Scott/.local/share/virtualenvs/editPhotoMetadata-tx0JAOmI/lib/python3.7/site-packages/iptcinfo3.py", line 433, in collect_adobe_parts
out = [''.join(out)]
TypeError: sequence item 0: expected str instance, bytes found
Code:
from iptcinfo3 import IPTCInfo
import os
# Create new info object
info = IPTCInfo('Gus.jpg')
# Print list of keywords
print(info['keywords'])
# Append the keyword I want to add
info['keywords'].append(b'frog')
# Print to test keyword has been added
print(info['keywords'])
# Save new info to file
info.save()
info.save_as('Gus2.jpg')

Instead of appending use equal "="
from iptcinfo3 import IPTCInfo
info = IPTCInfo('Gus.jpg')
print(info['keywords'])
# add keyword
info['keywords'] = ['new keyword']
info.save()
info.save_as('Gus_2.jpg')

I have the same error. It seems to be an issue with the save depending on the file.
from iptcinfo3 import IPTCInfo
info = IPTCInfo('image.jpg', force=True)
info.save()
Which gives me the same error.
WARNING: problems with charset recognition (b'\x1b')
WARNING: problems with charset recognition (b'\x1b')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./searchimages.py", line 123, in <module>
main(sys.argv[1:])
File "./searchimages.py", line 119, in main
find_photos(str(sys.argv[1]))
File "./searchimages.py", line 46, in find_photos
write_keywords(image, current_keywords, new_keywords)
File "./searchimages.py", line 109, in write_keywords
info.save_as('out.jpg')
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/iptcinfo3.py", line 635, in save_as
jpeg_parts = jpeg_collect_file_parts(fh)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/iptcinfo3.py", line 324, in jpeg_collect_file_parts
adobeParts = collect_adobe_parts(partdata)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/iptcinfo3.py", line 433, in collect_adobe_parts
out = [''.join(out)]
TypeError: sequence item 0: expected str instance, bytes found

Python BZ2 IOError: invalid data stream

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "TTRC_main.py", line 309, in <module>
updater.start()
File "TTRC_main.py", line 36, in start
newFileData = bz2.BZ2File("C:/Program Files (x86)/Toontown Rewritten/temp/phase_7.mf.bz2"," rb").read()
IOError: invalid data stream
The code to retrieve file I'm getting that's giving me this error is:
newFileComp = urllib.URLopener()
newFileComp.retrieve("http://kcmo-1.download.toontownrewritten.com/content/phase_7.mf.bz2", "C:/Program Files (x86)/Toontown Rewritten/temp/phase_7.mf.bz2")
What do I do to fix this error? Its not really descriptive. (to me)

Could the issue be occuring because of the extra spacein the file mode? -
newFileData = bz2.BZ2File("C:/Program Files (x86)/Toontown Rewritten/temp/phase_7.mf.bz2"," rb").read()
Try this -
newFileData = bz2.BZ2File("C:/Program Files (x86)/Toontown Rewritten/temp/phase_7.mf.bz2","rb").read()

For me the issue was that the files were not in .bz2 format.

Make sure file is bz2 format.
Make sure the read and write actions are the same "r","w" or "rb","wb"
Like Anand said, no space in "rb".

Creating a track object with track_from_file method in pyechonest

I am new to python. I am trying to use track_from_file method in pyechonest to create a track object. This is the code I wrote:
from pyechonest import config
from pyechonest.track import track_from_file
config.ECHO_NEST_API_KEY = "KRZG4XOVUQRKI45DP"
f = open("ShayneWard-NoPromises.mp3")
t = track_from_file(f, 'mp3')
But this is not working. I got an EchoNestIOError. This is the full error Traceback that i got.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/pyechonest/track.py", line 243, in track_from_file
File "build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/pyechonest/track.py", line 331, in track_from_md5
File "build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/pyechonest/track.py", line 209, in _profile
File "build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/pyechonest/util.py", line 257, in callm pyechonest.util.
EchoNestIOError: Echo Nest Unknown Error
Can anyone tell me what have I done wrong?

I finally figured it out. It seems that the upload does not take place through the proxy server of my university network which uses NAT.

Can't understand the error

Given below is the error which I am getting while running the code (which is in my previous post wx Import Error) in Python 2.6. Can anyone tell about this error? I am unable to understand it.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Python26\music_player_v1\player_skeleton.py", line 153, in <module>
frame = MediaFrame()
File "C:\Python26\music_player_v1\player_skeleton.py", line 148, in __init__
panel = MediaPanel(self)
File "C:\Python26\music_player_v1\player_skeleton.py", line 25, in __init__
self.layoutControls()
File "C:\Python26\music_player_v1\player_skeleton.py", line 46, in layoutControls
audioTBSizer = self.buildAudioToolBar()
File "C:\Python26\music_player_v1\player_skeleton.py", line 65, in buildAudioToolBar
self.rewind = SBitmapButton(self, -1, upbmp, (48, 48))
File "C:\Python26\Lib\wx-2.8-msw-unicode\wx\lib\agw\shapedbutton.py", line 995, in __init__
self.SetBitmapLabel(bitmap)
File "C:\Python26\Lib\wx-2.8-msw-unicode\wx\lib\agw\shapedbutton.py", line 1068, in SetBitmapLabel
image = wx.ImageFromBitmap(bitmap)
File "C:\Python26\Lib\wx-2.8-msw-unicode\wx\_core.py", line 3473, in ImageFromBitmap
val = _core_.new_ImageFromBitmap(*args, **kwargs)
PyAssertionError: C++ assertion "bmp.Ok()" failed at ..\..\src\msw\dib.cpp(148) in wxDIB::Create(): wxDIB::Create(): invalid bitmap

Not sure if this is entirely related to your problem, but the SWIG-generated wrappers won't hold onto any Python objects passed to any set*() methods or the like in wx. You will need to hold onto such objects yourself or you will experience strange errors.

It looks like you have an invalid bitmap. In reading the tracebacks, it's usually the bottom traceback that's the most useful, and this one is saying that you have an "invalid bitmap".

Your application cant find an image file, put all images in one file and in your code give the exact path where to find the images.That wil solve that error.

Strange exception with python's cgitb and inspect.py

I have a function that decodes an exception and pushes the info to a file. Following is what I do basically:
exc_info = sys.exc_info
txt = cgitb.text(exc_info)
Using this, I got the following exception trace:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\job_queue\utils\start_workers.py", line 40, in start_worker
worker_loop(r_jq, worktype, worker_id)
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\job_queue\server\jq_worker.py", line 55, in worker_loop
_job_machine(*job)
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\job_queue\server\jq_worker.py", line 34, in _job_machine
do_verbose_exception()
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\job_queue\server\errors.py", line 23, in do_verbose_exception
txt = cgitb.text(exc_info)
File "C:\Python27\lib\cgitb.py", line 214, in text
formatvalue=lambda value: '=' + pydoc.text.repr(value))
File "C:\Python27\lib\inspect.py", line 885, in formatargvalues
specs.append(strseq(args[i], convert, join))
File "C:\Python27\lib\inspect.py", line 840, in strseq
return convert(object)
File "C:\Python27\lib\inspect.py", line 882, in convert
return formatarg(name) + formatvalue(locals[name])
KeyError: 'connection'
I ran the code multiple times after this exception, but couldn't reproduce it. However, I didn't find any reference in files cgitb.py or inspect.py to a dict with 'connection' key either.
Will anybody know if this is an issue with python's cgitb or inspect files? Any helpful inputs?

You passed a wrong type to text function
below is the correct way.
cgitb.text((sys.last_type, sys.last_value, sys.last_traceback))

Im not sure specifically why this exception is happening, but have you read the docs for cgitb module? It seems that since python 2.2 it has supported writing exceptions to a file:
http://docs.python.org/library/cgitb.html
Probably something like:
cgitb.enable(0, "/my/log/directory") # or 1 if you want to see it in browser
As far as your actual traceback, are you sure 'connection' isnt a name you are using in your own code? 'inspect' module is most likely trying to examine your own code to build the cgi traceback info and getting a bad key somewhere?