I am using Python request library to scrape robots.txt data from a list of URLs:
for url in urls:
url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, "robots.txt")
try:
r = requests.get(url, headers=headers, allow_redirects=False)
r.raise_for_status()
extract_robots(r)
except (exceptions.RequestException, exceptions.HTTPError, exceptions.Timeout) as err:
handle_exeption(err)
In my list of urls, I have this webpage: https://reward.ff.garena.com. When I am requesting https://reward.ff.garena.com/robots.txt, I am directly redirected to https://reward.ff.garena.com/en. However, I specified in my request parameters that I don't want redirects allow_redirects=False.
How can I skip this kind of redirect and make sure I only have domain/robots.txt data calling my extract_robots(data) method?
Do you know for sure that there is a robots.txt at that location?
I note that if I request https://reward.ff.garena.com/NOSUCHFILE.txt that I get the same result as for robots.txt
The allow_redirects=False only stops requests from automatically following 302/location= responses - i.e. it doesn’t stop the server you’re trying to access from returning a redirect as the response to the request you’re making.
If you get this type of response I guess it indicates the file you requested isn’t available, or some other error preventing you accessing it, perhaps in the general case of file access this might indicate need for authentication but for robots.txt that shouldn’t be the problem - simplest to assume the robots.txt isn’t there.
I've got a this simple function, that checks if a website exists:
def try_site(url):
request = requests.get(url)
return request.status_code == 200
The issue is, that for youtube urls, that don't have videos, there still exists a page -- it doesn't return 404, or anything like that. So my code obviously thinks the page exists. How would I go about checking if a video exists?
Fetch the web page and check if there is a text like "Video unavailable" or alike in the page.
import requests
pattern = '"playabilityStatus":{"status":"ERROR","reason":"Video unavailable"'
def try_site(url):
request = requests.get(url)
return False if pattern in request.text else True
print(try_site("https://youtu.be/dQw4w9WgXcQ"))
print(try_site("https://youtu.be/dQw4w9WgXcR"))
The easiest you can do (that at least works for youtube):
EDIT: this would be more of checking if the specific url can be directly successfully accessed
def try_site(url):
request = requests.get(url, allow_redirects=False)
return request.status_code == 200
disallow redirects and check for status code 200 specifically, there is a slight issue in that status code 302 for example (which is returned in case of invalid url for youtube) means redirecting to some other url that is mentioned in the header, in short tho that means that the specific url you are searching for is not accessible directly, there is no content there, but that doesn't mean that the specific content doesn't exist, it may have been moved to some other place on the server (that may be mentioned in the header) (in case of youtube probably not)
I have a huge list of URLs which redirect to different URLs.
I am supplying them in for loop from a list, and trying to print the redirected URLs
The first redirected URL prints fine.
But from the second one - requests just stops giving me redirected URLs, and just prints the given URL
I tried implementing with urllib, urllib2, and mechanize.
They give the first redirected url fine, and then throws an error at second one and stops.
Can anyone please let me know why this is happening?
Below is the pseudo code/implementation:
for given_url in url_list:
print ("Given URL: " + given_url)
s = requests.Session()
r = requests.get(given_url, allow_redirects=True)
redirected_url = r.url
print ("Redirected URL: " + redirected_url)
Output:
Given URL: www.xyz.com
Redirected URL: www.123456789.com
Given URL: www.abc.com
Redirected URL: www.abc.com
Given URL: www.pqr.com
Redirected URL: www.pqr.com
Try a HEAD request, it won't follow redirects or download the entire body:
r = requests.head('http://www.google.com/')
print r.headers['Location']
There is nothing wrong with the code snippet you provided, but as you mentioned in the comments you are getting HTTP 400 and 401 responses. HTTP 401 means Unauthorized, which means the site is blocking you. HTTP 400 means Bad Request which typically means the site doesn't understand your request, but it can also be returned when you are being blocked, which I suspect is the case on those too.
When I run your code for the ABC website I get redirected properly, which leads me to believe they are blocking your ip address for sending too many requests in a short period of time and/or for having no User-Agent set.
Since you mentioned you can open the links correctly in a browser, you can try setting your User-Agent string to match that of a browser, however this is not guaranteed to work since it is one of many parameters a site may use to detect whether you are a bot or not.
For example:
headers = {'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
I would like to scrape just the title of a webpage using Python. I need to do this for thousands of sites so it has to be fast. I've seen previous questions like retrieving just the title of a webpage in python, but all of the ones I've found download the entire page before retrieving the title, which seems highly inefficient as most often the title is contained within the first few lines of HTML.
Is it possible to download only the parts of the webpage until the title has been found?
I've tried the following, but page.readline() downloads the entire page.
import urllib2
print("Looking up {}".format(link))
hdr = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0',
'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
'Accept-Charset': 'ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3',
'Accept-Encoding': 'none',
'Accept-Language': 'en-US,en;q=0.8',
'Connection': 'keep-alive'}
req = urllib2.Request(link, headers=hdr)
page = urllib2.urlopen(req, timeout=10)
content = ''
while '</title>' not in content:
content = content + page.readline()
-- Edit --
Note that my current solution makes use of BeautifulSoup constrained to only process the title so the only place I can optimize is likely to not read in the entire page.
title_selector = SoupStrainer('title')
soup = BeautifulSoup(page, "lxml", parse_only=title_selector)
title = soup.title.string.strip()
-- Edit 2 --
I've found that BeautifulSoup itself splits the content into multiple strings in the self.current_data
variable (see this function in bs4), but I'm unsure how to modify the code to basically stop reading all remaining content after the title has been found. One issue could be that redirects should still work.
-- Edit 3 --
So here's an example. I have a link www.xyz.com/abc and I have to follow this through any redirects (almost all of my links use a bit.ly kind of link shortening). I'm interested in both the title and domain that occurs after any redirections.
-- Edit 4 --
Thanks a lot for all of your assistance! The answer by Kul-Tigin works very well and has been accepted. I'll keep the bounty until it runs out though to see if a better answer comes up (as shown by e.g. a time measurement comparison).
-- Edit 5 --
For anyone interested: I've timed the accepted answer to be roughly twice as fast as my existing solution using BeautifulSoup4.
You can defer downloading the entire response body by enabling stream mode of requests.
Requests 2.14.2 documentation - Advanced Usage
By default, when you make a request, the body of the response is
downloaded immediately. You can override this behaviour and defer
downloading the response body until you access the Response.content
attribute with the stream parameter:
...
If you set stream to True when making a request, Requests cannot release the connection back to the pool unless you consume all the data or call Response.close.
This can lead to inefficiency with connections. If you find yourself partially reading request bodies (or not reading them at all) while using stream=True, you should consider using contextlib.closing (documented here)
So, with this method, you can read the response chunk by chunk until you encounter the title tag. Since the redirects will be handled by the library you'll be ready to go.
Here's an error-prone code tested with Python 2.7.10 and 3.6.0:
try:
from HTMLParser import HTMLParser
except ImportError:
from html.parser import HTMLParser
import requests, re
from contextlib import closing
CHUNKSIZE = 1024
retitle = re.compile("<title[^>]*>(.*?)</title>", re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL)
buffer = ""
htmlp = HTMLParser()
with closing(requests.get("http://example.com/abc", stream=True)) as res:
for chunk in res.iter_content(chunk_size=CHUNKSIZE, decode_unicode=True):
buffer = "".join([buffer, chunk])
match = retitle.search(buffer)
if match:
print(htmlp.unescape(match.group(1)))
break
Question: ... the only place I can optimize is likely to not read in the entire page.
This does not read the entire page.
Note: Unicode .decode() will raise Exception if you cut a Unicode sequence in the middle. Using .decode(errors='ignore') remove those sequences.
For instance:
import re
try:
# PY3
from urllib import request
except:
import urllib2 as request
for url in ['http://www.python.org/', 'http://www.google.com', 'http://www.bit.ly']:
f = request.urlopen(url)
re_obj = re.compile(r'.*(<head.*<title.*?>(.*)</title>.*</head>)',re.DOTALL)
Found = False
data = ''
while True:
b_data = f.read(4096)
if not b_data: break
data += b_data.decode(errors='ignore')
match = re_obj.match(data)
if match:
Found = True
title = match.groups()[1]
print('title={}'.format(title))
break
f.close()
Output:
title=Welcome to Python.org
title=Google
title=Bitly | URL Shortener and Link Management Platform
Tested with Python: 3.4.2 and 2.7.9
You're scraping webpages using standard REST requests and I'm not aware of any request that only returns the title, so I don't think it's possible.
I know this doesn't necessarily help get the title only, but I usually use BeautifulSoup for any web scraping. It's much easier. Here's an example.
Code:
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
urls = ["http://www.google.com", "http://www.msn.com"]
for url in urls:
r = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(r.text, "html.parser")
print "Title with tags: %s" % soup.title
print "Title: %s" % soup.title.text
print
Output:
Title with tags: <title>Google</title>
Title: Google
Title with tags: <title>MSN.com - Hotmail, Outlook, Skype, Bing, Latest News, Photos & Videos</title>
Title: MSN.com - Hotmail, Outlook, Skype, Bing, Latest News, Photos & Videos
the kind of thing you want i don't think can be done, since the way the web is set up, you get the response for a request before anything is parsed. there isn't usually a streaming "if encounter <title> then stop giving me data" flag. if there is id love to see it, but there is something that may be able to help you. keep in mind, not all sites respect this. so some sites will force you to download the entire page source before you can act on it. but a lot of them will allow you to specify a range header. so in a requests example:
import requests
targeturl = "http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Blarg&page=2"
rangeheader = {"Range": "bytes=0-150"}
response = requests.get(targeturl, headers=rangeheader)
response.text
and you get
'<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang="en-US" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#'
now of course here's the problems with this
what if you specify a range that is too short to get the title of the page?
whats a good range to aim for? (combination of speed and assurance of accuracy)
what happens if the page doesn't respect Range? (most of the time you just get the whole response you would have without it.)
i don't know if this might help you? i hope so. but i've done similar things to only get file headers for download checking.
EDIT4:
so i thought of another kind of hacky thing that might help. nearly every page has a 404 page not found page. we might be able to use this to our advantage. instead of requesting the regular page. request something like this.
http://www.urbandictionary.com/nothing.php
the general page will have tons of information, links, data. but the 404 page is nothing more than a message, and (in this case) a video. and usually there is no video. just some text.
but you also notice that the title still appears here. so perhaps we can just request something we know does not exist on any page like.
X5ijsuUJSoisjHJFk948.php
and get a 404 for each page. that way you only download a very small and minimalistic page. nothing more. which will significantly reduce the amount of information you download. thus increasing speed and efficiency.
heres the problem with this method: you need to check somehow if the page does not supply its own version of the 404. most pages have it because it looks good with the site. and its standard practice to include one. but not all of them do. make sure to handle this case.
but i think that could be something worth trying out. over the course of thousands of sites, it would save many ms of download time for each html.
EDIT5:
so as we talked about, since you are interested in urls that redirect. we might make use of an http head reqeust. which wont get the site content. just the headers. so in this case:
response = requests.head('http://myshortenedurl.com/5b2su2')
replace my shortenedurl with tunyurl to follow along.
>>>response
<Response [301]>
nice so we know this redirects to something.
>>>response.headers['Location']
'http://stackoverflow.com'
now we know where the url redirects to without actually following it or downloading any page source. now we can apply any of the other techniques previously discussed.
Heres an example, using requests and lxml modules and using the 404 page idea. (be aware, i have to replace bit.ly with bit'ly so stack overflow doesnt get mad.)
#!/usr/bin/python3
import requests
from lxml.html import fromstring
links = ['http://bit'ly/MW2qgH',
'http://bit'ly/1x0885j',
'http://bit'ly/IFHzvO',
'http://bit'ly/1PwR9xM']
for link in links:
response = '<Response [301]>'
redirect = ''
while response == '<Response [301]>':
response = requests.head(link)
try:
redirect = response.headers['Location']
except Exception as e:
pass
fakepage = redirect + 'X5ijsuUJSoisjHJFk948.php'
scrapetarget = requests.get(fakepage)
tree = fromstring(scrapetarget.text)
print(tree.findtext('.//title'))
so here we get the 404 pages, and it will follow any number of redirects. now heres the output from this:
Urban Dictionary error
Page Not Found - Stack Overflow
Error 404 (Not Found)!!1
Kijiji: Page Not Found
so as you can see we did indeed get out titles. but we see some problems with the method. namely some titles add things, and some just dont have a good title at all. and thats the issue with that method. we could however try the range method too. benefits of that would be the title would be correct, but sometimes we might miss it, and sometimes we have to download the whole pagesource to get it. increasing required time.
Also credit to alecxe for this part of my quick and dirty script
tree = fromstring(scrapetarget.text)
print(tree.findtext('.//title'))
for an example with the range method. in the loop for link in links: change the code after the try catch statement to this:
rangeheader = {"Range": "bytes=0-500"}
scrapetargetsection = requests.get(redirect, headers=rangeheader)
tree = fromstring(scrapetargetsection.text)
print(tree.findtext('.//title'))
output is:
None
Stack Overflow
Google
Kijiji: Free Classifieds in...
here we see urban dictionary has no title or ive missed it in the bytes returned. in any of these methods there are tradeoffs. the only way to get close to total accuracy would be to download the entire source for each page i think.
using urllib you can set the Range header to request a certain range of bytes, but there are some consequences:
it depends on the server to honor the request
you assume that data you're looking for is within desired range (however you can make another request using different range header to get next bytes - i.e. download first 300 bytes and get another 300 only if you can't find title within first result - 2 requests of 300 bytes are still much cheaper than whole document)
(edit) - to avoid situations when title tag splits between two ranged requests, make your ranges overlapped, see 'range_header_overlapped' function in my example code
import urllib
req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.python.org/')
req.headers['Range']='bytes=%s-%s' % (0, 300)
f = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
just to verify if server accepted our range:
content_range=f.headers.get('Content-Range')
print(content_range)
my code also solves cases when title tag is splitted between chunks.
#!/usr/bin/env python2
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Tue May 30 04:21:26 2017
====================
#author: s
"""
import requests
from string import lower
from html.parser import HTMLParser
#proxies = { 'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080' }
urls = ['http://opencvexamples.blogspot.com/p/learning-opencv-functions-step-by-step.html',
'http://www.robindavid.fr/opencv-tutorial/chapter2-filters-and-arithmetic.html',
'http://blog.iank.org/playing-capitals-with-opencv-and-python.html',
'http://docs.opencv.org/3.2.0/df/d9d/tutorial_py_colorspaces.html',
'http://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/api/skimage.exposure.html',
'http://apprize.info/programming/opencv/8.html',
'http://opencvexamples.blogspot.com/2013/09/find-contour.html',
'http://docs.opencv.org/2.4/modules/imgproc/doc/geometric_transformations.html',
'https://github.com/ArunJayan/OpenCV-Python/blob/master/resize.py']
class TitleParser(HTMLParser):
def __init__(self):
HTMLParser.__init__(self)
self.match = False
self.title = ''
def handle_starttag(self, tag, attributes):
self.match = True if tag == 'title' else False
def handle_data(self, data):
if self.match:
self.title = data
self.match = False
def valid_content( url, proxies=None ):
valid = [ 'text/html; charset=utf-8',
'text/html',
'application/xhtml+xml',
'application/xhtml',
'application/xml',
'text/xml' ]
r = requests.head(url, proxies=proxies)
our_type = lower(r.headers.get('Content-Type'))
if not our_type in valid:
print('unknown content-type: {} at URL:{}'.format(our_type, url))
return False
return our_type in valid
def range_header_overlapped( chunksize, seg_num=0, overlap=50 ):
"""
generate overlapping ranges
(to solve cases when title tag splits between them)
seg_num: segment number we want, 0 based
overlap: number of overlaping bytes, defaults to 50
"""
start = chunksize * seg_num
end = chunksize * (seg_num + 1)
if seg_num:
overlap = overlap * seg_num
start -= overlap
end -= overlap
return {'Range': 'bytes={}-{}'.format( start, end )}
def get_title_from_url(url, proxies=None, chunksize=300, max_chunks=5):
if not valid_content(url, proxies=proxies):
return False
current_chunk = 0
myparser = TitleParser()
while current_chunk <= max_chunks:
headers = range_header_overlapped( chunksize, current_chunk )
headers['Accept-Encoding'] = 'deflate'
# quick fix, as my locally hosted Apache/2.4.25 kept raising
# ContentDecodingError when using "Content-Encoding: gzip"
# ContentDecodingError: ('Received response with content-encoding: gzip, but failed to decode it.',
# error('Error -3 while decompressing: incorrect header check',))
r = requests.get( url, headers=headers, proxies=proxies )
myparser.feed(r.content)
if myparser.title:
return myparser.title
current_chunk += 1
print('title tag not found within {} chunks ({}b each) at {}'.format(current_chunk-1, chunksize, url))
return False
This question already has answers here:
Closed 10 years ago.
Possible Duplicate:
How to use Python to login to a webpage and retrieve cookies for later usage?
I want to download whole webpage source from a service that handles cookies in some unusual way. I wrote a script that actually works and seems to be fine however at some point it returned such error:
urllib2.HTTPError: HTTP Error 302: The HTTP server returned a redirect error that would lead to an infinite loop.
The last 30x error message was:
Found
My script works in loop and changes link to subpage wchich content im interested to download.
I get a cookie, send a package of data and then i am able to get to porper link then download html.
script look like this:
import urllib2
data = 'some_string'
url = "http://example/index.php"
url2 = "http://example/source"
req1 = urllib2.Request(url)
response = urllib2.urlopen(req1)
cookie = response.info().getheader('Set-Cookie')
## Use the cookie is subsequent requests
req2 = urllib2.Request(url, data)
req2.add_header('cookie', cookie)
response = urllib2.urlopen(req2)
## reuse again
req3 = urllib2.Request(url2)
req3.add_header('cookie', cookie)
response = urllib2.urlopen(req3)
html = response.read()
Ive been reading sth ab cookiejar/cookielib coz using this lib i am supposed to ged rid of this error mentioned above however i have no clue how to reporoduce my code to be used by: http.cookiejar, urllib.request
i tried sth like this:
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
cj = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()
opener = urllib.request.build_opener( urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj) )
r = opener.open(url) # now cookies are stored in cj
r1 = urllib.request(url, data) #TypeError: POST data should be bytes or an iterable of bytes. It cannot be str.
r2 = opener.open(url2)
print( r2.read() )
But its not working as my first script.
ps. Sorry for my english but im am not native.
#Piotr Dobrogost thanks for the link, it solved the issue.
TypeError solved by using data=b"string" instead of data="string"
Ive got still some issues due to porting to python3 but issue is to be closed.