i'm creating a python program, and i want to split it up into seperate files. I'm using import to do this, but its not working (specifically, a variable is stored in one python file, and its not being read by the main one.
program /
main.py
lib /
__init__.py
config.py
functions.py
I have in main.py:
import lib.config
import lib.functions
print(main)
and config.py has
main = "hello"
I should be getting the output "hello", when i'm executing the file main.py, but i'm not. I have the same problem with functions stored in functions.py
Any help would be great,
Importing the module with a simple import statement does not copy the names from that module into your own global namespace.
Either refer to the main name through attribute access:
print(lib.config.main)
or use the from ... import ... syntax:
from lib.config import main
instead.
You can learn more about how importing works in the Modules section of the Python tutorial.
Related
Instead of creating a module.py (containing all the functions), can I create a folder MODULE and collect all the functions in different files?
I'd like to do that in a way that main.py contains import MODULE and, if it's possible, to call the functions directly (fun_1(), fun_2()) without the nomenclature MODULE.fun_1(), MODULE.fun_2(), etc.
I think the only right way is creating __init__.py (import all functions contained in other files) in your MODULE folder. And use statement from MODULE import *. If you wanna use import MODULE and call func in other files then, that never work. Interpreter will raise the NameError, cause there are no the variables.
__init__.py file like this:
from file1 import func_1
from file2 import func_2
Yes.
Create your main file, main.py along with another file where you want to put another function. I will use the other.py file.
In main.py, write
from other import *
Note the missing .py, Python handles that for you.
In other.py, write
def your_function():
return -1
You can have as many functions in here as you want. Now, you can call your_function() in main.py.
Example Repl.it: https://repl.it/repls/MeaslyBurdensomeDesigners
I'm creating a module in a python app, I have my primary code file, and I want to import some helper methods/classes from a helper folder. This is what I have for my folder structure:
module:
__init__.py
helpers:
__init__.py
some_class.py
this is module/helpers/__init__.py file:
from .some_class import SomeClass
def helper_method_1():
# code
def helper_method_2():
# code
so my question is: is importing SomeClass inside module/helpers/__init__.py inside the helpers enough to use it as in import in my main module/__init.py file?
this is what I'm trying in my module/__init__.py
from .helpers import (SomeClass, helper_method_1, helper_method_2)
I'm kind of in the middle of doing a bunch of things, so can't test it for errors at the moment
Yes, it is enough.
Unless module has __all__ variable, all names (including names imported from other modules) are exported.
I am having a lot of trouble understanding the python module import system.
I am trying to create a simple folder structure as follows.
SomeModule
__init__.py
AnotherModule
AnotherModule.py
__init__.py
Utils
Utils.py
__init__.py
To use SomeModule i can do:
SomeModule.Foo()
Now inside AnotherModule.py I would like to import my Utils directory.
How come I have to do
import SomeModule.AnotherModule.Utils.Foo
why cannot I just do
import Utils.Foo
To shorten up the actual function name that you'll have to call in your code, you can always do:
from SomeModule.AnotherModule.Utils import *
While this still won't allow you to get away with a shorter import statement at the top of your script, you'll be able to access all of the functions within .Utils just by calling their function name (i.e. foo(x) instead of SomeModule.AnotherModule.Utils.foo(x).
Part of the reason for the lengthy import statement goes to the comment from #wim . Have a look by typing import this in a python interpreter.
put
import sys
import SomeModule.AnotherModule
sys.modules['AnotherModule'] = SomeModule.AnotherModule
in SomeModules __init__.py
i've run through many posts about this, but still doesn't seem to work. The deal is pretty cut. I've the got the following hierarchy.
main.py
DirA/
__init__.py
hello.py
DirB/
__init__.py
foo.py
bla.py
lol.py
The__init__.py at DirA is empty. The respective one at DirB just contains the foo module.
__all__.py = ["foo"]
The main.py has the following code
import DirA
import DirB
hey() #Def written at hello.py
foolish1() #Def written at foo.py
foolish2() #Def written at foo.py
Long story short, I got NameError: name 'foo' is not defined. Any ideas? Thanks in advance.
You only get what you import. Therefore, in you main, you only get DirA and DirB. You would use them in one of those ways:
import DirA
DirA.something_in_init_py()
# Importing hello:
import DirA.hello
DirA.hello.something_in_hello_py()
# Using a named import:
from DirA.hello import something_in_hello_py
something_in_hello_py()
And in DirB, just make the __init__.py empty as well. The only use of __all__ is for when you want to import *, which you don't want because, as they say, explicit is better than implicit.
But in case you are curious, it would work this way:
from DirB import *
something_in_dirb()
By default the import * will import everything it can find that does not start with an underscore. Specifying a __all__ restricts what it imported to the names defined in __all__. See this question for more details.
Edit: about init.
The __init__.py is not really connected to the importing stuff. It is just a special file with the following properties:
Its existence means the directory is a python package, with several modules in it. If it does not exist, python will refuse to import anything from the directory.
It will always be loaded before loading anything else in the directory.
Its content will be available as the package itself.
Just try it put this in DirA/__init__.py:
foo = 42
Now, in your main:
from DirA import foo
print(foo) # 42
It can be useful, because you can import some of your submodules in the __init__.py to hide the inner structure of your package. Suppose you build an application with classes Author, Book and Review. To make it easier to read, you give each class its own file in a package. Now in your main, you have to import the full path:
from myapp.author import Author
from myapp.book import Book
from myapp.review import Review
Clearly not optimal. Now suppose you put those exact lines above in your __init__.py, you may simplify you main like this:
from myapp import Author, Book, Review
Python will load the __init__.py, which will in turn load all submodules and import the classes, making them available on the package. Now your main does not need to know where the classes are actually implemented.
Have you tried something like this:
One way
from DirA import hello
Another way
from DirA.hello import hey
If those don't work then append a new system path
You need to import the function itself:
How to call a function from another file in Python?
In your case:
from DirA import foolish1, foolish2
In my project I want to change the main package name.
I've a dir structure like this:
hallo/sub
hallo/foo
hallo/bar
And I want to change the main name for example to 'goodbye':
goodbye/sub
goodbye/foo
goodbye/bar
But as result the new name is always rejected! for example if I import
import goodbye.sub.utils as utils
It return the error
ImportError: No module named sub.utils
And clearly the old name don't works.
The file __init__.py is written in all subdirectories!
I've tried to remove all *.pyc files and cache directory, I've tried to re-clone the project in another directory, but nothing, the new name is always rejected!
I'm using python2 under *nix and I'm never moved under windows.
Some idea?
Edit:
The old name works perfectly:
import hallo.sub.utils as utils
Has always worked without any errors, the problem is the name change.
For imports from the outside, check the contents of __init__.py for variables that can throw things off -- like __all__.
Also, the typical idiom is:
from hallo.sub import utils #tyically this
import hallo.sub.utils as utils #instead of this
I can't imagine why that would make a difference, but python occasionally has silly bugs.
For imports from within the package, you can instead use relative imports. Within your hallo package you can change this:
import hallo.sub as sub
import hallo.sub.utils as utils
to this
from . import sub
from .sub import utils
Then it doesn't matter what the outer package is called.