Related
Let's suppose we have this class:
class Demo:
def __init__(self, str):
self.str = str
def fromBytes1(bytes):
return Demo(bytes2str(bytes))
#classmethod
def fromBytes2(cls, bytes):
return cls(bytes2str(bytes))
What is the difference between fromBytes1 and fromBytes2, except for the fact that you can't call the 1st method in the following way?
Demo().fromBytes1(bytes)
Is there something more subtle that I cannot see here?
Assuming that you only intend to call the methods from a class object, all the important differences are in inheritance. Say you have
class Test(Demo):
pass
If you do Test.fromBytes1(b'ar'), you get an instance of Demo.
If you do Test.fromBytes2(b'ar'), you get an instance of Test.
The second method is more flexible because you can hard code Demo or __class__ into it directly, but you must hard code it in the first case.
Consider this example:
class MyClass:
def func(self, name):
self.name = name
I know that self refers to the specific instance of MyClass. But why must func explicitly include self as a parameter? Why do we need to use self in the method's code? Some other languages make this implicit, or use special syntax instead.
For a language-agnostic consideration of the design decision, see What is the advantage of having this/self pointer mandatory explicit?.
To close debugging questions where OP omitted a self parameter for a method and got a TypeError, use TypeError: method() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given instead. If OP omitted self. in the body of the method and got a NameError, consider How can I call a function within a class?.
The reason you need to use self. is because Python does not use special syntax to refer to instance attributes. Python decided to do methods in a way that makes the instance to which the method belongs be passed automatically, but not received automatically: the first parameter of methods is the instance the method is called on. That makes methods entirely the same as functions, and leaves the actual name to use up to you (although self is the convention, and people will generally frown at you when you use something else.) self is not special to the code, it's just another object.
Python could have done something else to distinguish normal names from attributes -- special syntax like Ruby has, or requiring declarations like C++ and Java do, or perhaps something yet more different -- but it didn't. Python's all for making things explicit, making it obvious what's what, and although it doesn't do it entirely everywhere, it does do it for instance attributes. That's why assigning to an instance attribute needs to know what instance to assign to, and that's why it needs self..
Let's say you have a class ClassA which contains a method methodA defined as:
def methodA(self, arg1, arg2):
# do something
and objectA is an instance of this class.
Now when objectA.methodA(arg1, arg2) is called, python internally converts it for you as:
ClassA.methodA(objectA, arg1, arg2)
The self variable refers to the object itself.
Let’s take a simple vector class:
class Vector:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
We want to have a method which calculates the length. What would it look like if we wanted to define it inside the class?
def length(self):
return math.sqrt(self.x ** 2 + self.y ** 2)
What should it look like when we were to define it as a global method/function?
def length_global(vector):
return math.sqrt(vector.x ** 2 + vector.y ** 2)
So the whole structure stays the same. How can me make use of this? If we assume for a moment that we hadn’t written a length method for our Vector class, we could do this:
Vector.length_new = length_global
v = Vector(3, 4)
print(v.length_new()) # 5.0
This works because the first parameter of length_global, can be re-used as the self parameter in length_new. This would not be possible without an explicit self.
Another way of understanding the need for the explicit self is to see where Python adds some syntactical sugar. When you keep in mind, that basically, a call like
v_instance.length()
is internally transformed to
Vector.length(v_instance)
it is easy to see where the self fits in. You don't actually write instance methods in Python; what you write is class methods which must take an instance as a first parameter. And therefore, you’ll have to place the instance parameter somewhere explicitly.
When objects are instantiated, the object itself is passed into the self parameter.
Because of this, the object’s data is bound to the object. Below is an example of how you might like to visualize what each object’s data might look. Notice how ‘self’ is replaced with the objects name. I'm not saying this example diagram below is wholly accurate but it hopefully with serve a purpose in visualizing the use of self.
The Object is passed into the self parameter so that the object can keep hold of its own data.
Although this may not be wholly accurate, think of the process of instantiating an object like this: When an object is made it uses the class as a template for its own data and methods. Without passing it's own name into the self parameter, the attributes and methods in the class would remain as a general template and would not be referenced to (belong to) the object. So by passing the object's name into the self parameter it means that if 100 objects are instantiated from the one class, they can all keep track of their own data and methods.
See the illustration below:
I like this example:
class A:
foo = []
a, b = A(), A()
a.foo.append(5)
b.foo
ans: [5]
class A:
def __init__(self):
self.foo = []
a, b = A(), A()
a.foo.append(5)
b.foo
ans: []
I will demonstrate with code that does not use classes:
def state_init(state):
state['field'] = 'init'
def state_add(state, x):
state['field'] += x
def state_mult(state, x):
state['field'] *= x
def state_getField(state):
return state['field']
myself = {}
state_init(myself)
state_add(myself, 'added')
state_mult(myself, 2)
print( state_getField(myself) )
#--> 'initaddedinitadded'
Classes are just a way to avoid passing in this "state" thing all the time (and other nice things like initializing, class composition, the rarely-needed metaclasses, and supporting custom methods to override operators).
Now let's demonstrate the above code using the built-in python class machinery, to show how it's basically the same thing.
class State(object):
def __init__(self):
self.field = 'init'
def add(self, x):
self.field += x
def mult(self, x):
self.field *= x
s = State()
s.add('added') # self is implicitly passed in
s.mult(2) # self is implicitly passed in
print( s.field )
[migrated my answer from duplicate closed question]
The following excerpts are from the Python documentation about self:
As in Modula-3, there are no shorthands [in Python] for referencing the object’s members from its methods: the method function is declared with an explicit first argument representing the object, which is provided implicitly by the call.
Often, the first argument of a method is called self. This is nothing more than a convention: the name self has absolutely no special meaning to Python. Note, however, that by not following the convention your code may be less readable to other Python programmers, and it is also conceivable that a class browser program might be written that relies upon such a convention.
For more information, see the Python documentation tutorial on classes.
As well as all the other reasons already stated, it allows for easier access to overridden methods; you can call Class.some_method(inst).
An example of where it’s useful:
class C1(object):
def __init__(self):
print "C1 init"
class C2(C1):
def __init__(self): #overrides C1.__init__
print "C2 init"
C1.__init__(self) #but we still want C1 to init the class too
>>> C2()
"C2 init"
"C1 init"
Its use is similar to the use of this keyword in Java, i.e. to give a reference to the current object.
Python is not a language built for Object Oriented Programming unlike Java or C++.
When calling a static method in Python, one simply writes a method with regular arguments inside it.
class Animal():
def staticMethod():
print "This is a static method"
However, an object method, which requires you to make a variable, which is an Animal, in this case, needs the self argument
class Animal():
def objectMethod(self):
print "This is an object method which needs an instance of a class"
The self method is also used to refer to a variable field within the class.
class Animal():
#animalName made in constructor
def Animal(self):
self.animalName = "";
def getAnimalName(self):
return self.animalName
In this case, self is referring to the animalName variable of the entire class. REMEMBER: If you have a variable within a method, self will not work. That variable is simply existent only while that method is running. For defining fields (the variables of the entire class), you have to define them OUTSIDE the class methods.
If you don't understand a single word of what I am saying, then Google "Object Oriented Programming." Once you understand this, you won't even need to ask that question :).
First of all, self is a conventional name, you could put anything else (being coherent) in its stead.
It refers to the object itself, so when you are using it, you are declaring that .name and .age are properties of the Student objects (note, not of the Student class) you are going to create.
class Student:
#called each time you create a new Student instance
def __init__(self,name,age): #special method to initialize
self.name=name
self.age=age
def __str__(self): #special method called for example when you use print
return "Student %s is %s years old" %(self.name,self.age)
def call(self, msg): #silly example for custom method
return ("Hey, %s! "+msg) %self.name
#initializing two instances of the student class
bob=Student("Bob",20)
alice=Student("Alice",19)
#using them
print bob.name
print bob.age
print alice #this one only works if you define the __str__ method
print alice.call("Come here!") #notice you don't put a value for self
#you can modify attributes, like when alice ages
alice.age=20
print alice
Code is here
self is an object reference to the object itself, therefore, they are same.
Python methods are not called in the context of the object itself.
self in Python may be used to deal with custom object models or something.
It’s there to follow the Python zen “explicit is better than implicit”. It’s indeed a reference to your class object. In Java and PHP, for example, it's called this.
If user_type_name is a field on your model you access it by self.user_type_name.
I'm surprised nobody has brought up Lua. Lua also uses the 'self' variable however it can be omitted but still used. C++ does the same with 'this'. I don't see any reason to have to declare 'self' in each function but you should still be able to use it just like you can with lua and C++. For a language that prides itself on being brief it's odd that it requires you to declare the self variable.
The use of the argument, conventionally called self isn't as hard to understand, as is why is it necessary? Or as to why explicitly mention it? That, I suppose, is a bigger question for most users who look up this question, or if it is not, they will certainly have the same question as they move forward learning python. I recommend them to read these couple of blogs:
1: Use of self explained
Note that it is not a keyword.
The first argument of every class method, including init, is always a reference to the current instance of the class. By convention, this argument is always named self. In the init method, self refers to the newly created object; in other class methods, it refers to the instance whose method was called. For example the below code is the same as the above code.
2: Why do we have it this way and why can we not eliminate it as an argument, like Java, and have a keyword instead
Another thing I would like to add is, an optional self argument allows me to declare static methods inside a class, by not writing self.
Code examples:
class MyClass():
def staticMethod():
print "This is a static method"
def objectMethod(self):
print "This is an object method which needs an instance of a class, and that is what self refers to"
PS:This works only in Python 3.x.
In previous versions, you have to explicitly add #staticmethod decorator, otherwise self argument is obligatory.
Take a look at the following example, which clearly explains the purpose of self
class Restaurant(object):
bankrupt = False
def open_branch(self):
if not self.bankrupt:
print("branch opened")
#create instance1
>>> x = Restaurant()
>>> x.bankrupt
False
#create instance2
>>> y = Restaurant()
>>> y.bankrupt = True
>>> y.bankrupt
True
>>> x.bankrupt
False
self is used/needed to distinguish between instances.
Source: self variable in python explained - Pythontips
Is because by the way python is designed the alternatives would hardly work. Python is designed to allow methods or functions to be defined in a context where both implicit this (a-la Java/C++) or explicit # (a-la ruby) wouldn't work. Let's have an example with the explicit approach with python conventions:
def fubar(x):
self.x = x
class C:
frob = fubar
Now the fubar function wouldn't work since it would assume that self is a global variable (and in frob as well). The alternative would be to execute method's with a replaced global scope (where self is the object).
The implicit approach would be
def fubar(x)
myX = x
class C:
frob = fubar
This would mean that myX would be interpreted as a local variable in fubar (and in frob as well). The alternative here would be to execute methods with a replaced local scope which is retained between calls, but that would remove the posibility of method local variables.
However the current situation works out well:
def fubar(self, x)
self.x = x
class C:
frob = fubar
here when called as a method frob will receive the object on which it's called via the self parameter, and fubar can still be called with an object as parameter and work the same (it is the same as C.frob I think).
In the __init__ method, self refers to the newly created object; in other class methods, it refers to the instance whose method was called.
self, as a name, is just a convention, call it as you want ! but when using it, for example to delete the object, you have to use the same name: __del__(var), where var was used in the __init__(var,[...])
You should take a look at cls too, to have the bigger picture. This post could be helpful.
self is acting as like current object name or instance of class .
# Self explanation.
class classname(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name
# Self is acting as a replacement of object name.
#self.name=object1.name
def display(self):
print("Name of the person is :",self.name)
print("object name:",object1.name)
object1=classname("Bucky")
object2=classname("ford")
object1.display()
object2.display()
###### Output
Name of the person is : Bucky
object name: Bucky
Name of the person is : ford
object name: Bucky
"self" keyword holds the reference of class and it is upto you if you want to use it or not but if you notice, whenever you create a new method in python, python automatically write self keyword for you. If you do some R&D, you will notice that if you create say two methods in a class and try to call one inside another, it does not recognize method unless you add self (reference of class).
class testA:
def __init__(self):
print('ads')
def m1(self):
print('method 1')
self.m2()
def m2(self):
print('method 2')
Below code throws unresolvable reference error.
class testA:
def __init__(self):
print('ads')
def m1(self):
print('method 1')
m2() #throws unresolvable reference error as class does not know if m2 exist in class scope
def m2(self):
print('method 2')
Now let see below example
class testA:
def __init__(self):
print('ads')
def m1(self):
print('method 1')
def m2():
print('method 2')
Now when you create object of class testA, you can call method m1() using class object like this as method m1() has included self keyword
obj = testA()
obj.m1()
But if you want to call method m2(), because is has no self reference so you can call m2() directly using class name like below
testA.m2()
But keep in practice to live with self keyword as there are other benefits too of it like creating global variable inside and so on.
self is inevitable.
There was just a question should self be implicit or explicit.
Guido van Rossum resolved this question saying self has to stay.
So where the self live?
If we would just stick to functional programming we would not need self.
Once we enter the Python OOP we find self there.
Here is the typical use case class C with the method m1
class C:
def m1(self, arg):
print(self, ' inside')
pass
ci =C()
print(ci, ' outside')
ci.m1(None)
print(hex(id(ci))) # hex memory address
This program will output:
<__main__.C object at 0x000002B9D79C6CC0> outside
<__main__.C object at 0x000002B9D79C6CC0> inside
0x2b9d79c6cc0
So self holds the memory address of the class instance.
The purpose of self would be to hold the reference for instance methods and for us to have explicit access to that reference.
Note there are three different types of class methods:
static methods (read: functions),
class methods,
instance methods (mentioned).
The word 'self' refers to instance of a class
class foo:
def __init__(self, num1, num2):
self.n1 = num1 #now in this it will make the perimeter num1 and num2 access across the whole class
self.n2 = num2
def add(self):
return self.n1 + self.n2 # if we had not written self then if would throw an error that n1 and n2 is not defined and we have to include self in the function's perimeter to access it's variables
it's an explicit reference to the class instance object.
from the docs,
the special thing about methods is that the instance object is passed as the first argument of the function. In our example, the call x.f() is exactly equivalent to MyClass.f(x). In general, calling a method with a list of n arguments is equivalent to calling the corresponding function with an argument list that is created by inserting the method’s instance object before the first argument.
preceding this the related snippet,
class MyClass:
"""A simple example class"""
i = 12345
def f(self):
return 'hello world'
x = MyClass()
I would say for Python at least, the self parameter can be thought of as a placeholder.
Take a look at this:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
p1 = Person("John", 36)
print(p1.name)
print(p1.age)
Self in this case and a lot of others was used as a method to say store the name value. However, after that, we use the p1 to assign it to the class we're using. Then when we print it we use the same p1 keyword.
Hope this helps for Python!
my little 2 cents
In this class Person, we defined out init method with the self and interesting thing to notice here is the memory location of both the self and instance variable p is same <__main__.Person object at 0x106a78fd0>
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def say_hi(self):
print("the self is at:", self)
print((f"hey there, my name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old"))
def say_bye(self):
print("the self is at:", self)
print(f"good to see you {self.name}")
p = Person("john", 78)
print("the p is at",p)
p.say_hi()
p.say_bye()
so as explained in above, both self and instance variable are same object.
Consider this example:
class MyClass:
def func(self, name):
self.name = name
I know that self refers to the specific instance of MyClass. But why must func explicitly include self as a parameter? Why do we need to use self in the method's code? Some other languages make this implicit, or use special syntax instead.
For a language-agnostic consideration of the design decision, see What is the advantage of having this/self pointer mandatory explicit?.
To close debugging questions where OP omitted a self parameter for a method and got a TypeError, use TypeError: method() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given instead. If OP omitted self. in the body of the method and got a NameError, consider How can I call a function within a class?.
The reason you need to use self. is because Python does not use special syntax to refer to instance attributes. Python decided to do methods in a way that makes the instance to which the method belongs be passed automatically, but not received automatically: the first parameter of methods is the instance the method is called on. That makes methods entirely the same as functions, and leaves the actual name to use up to you (although self is the convention, and people will generally frown at you when you use something else.) self is not special to the code, it's just another object.
Python could have done something else to distinguish normal names from attributes -- special syntax like Ruby has, or requiring declarations like C++ and Java do, or perhaps something yet more different -- but it didn't. Python's all for making things explicit, making it obvious what's what, and although it doesn't do it entirely everywhere, it does do it for instance attributes. That's why assigning to an instance attribute needs to know what instance to assign to, and that's why it needs self..
Let's say you have a class ClassA which contains a method methodA defined as:
def methodA(self, arg1, arg2):
# do something
and objectA is an instance of this class.
Now when objectA.methodA(arg1, arg2) is called, python internally converts it for you as:
ClassA.methodA(objectA, arg1, arg2)
The self variable refers to the object itself.
Let’s take a simple vector class:
class Vector:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
We want to have a method which calculates the length. What would it look like if we wanted to define it inside the class?
def length(self):
return math.sqrt(self.x ** 2 + self.y ** 2)
What should it look like when we were to define it as a global method/function?
def length_global(vector):
return math.sqrt(vector.x ** 2 + vector.y ** 2)
So the whole structure stays the same. How can me make use of this? If we assume for a moment that we hadn’t written a length method for our Vector class, we could do this:
Vector.length_new = length_global
v = Vector(3, 4)
print(v.length_new()) # 5.0
This works because the first parameter of length_global, can be re-used as the self parameter in length_new. This would not be possible without an explicit self.
Another way of understanding the need for the explicit self is to see where Python adds some syntactical sugar. When you keep in mind, that basically, a call like
v_instance.length()
is internally transformed to
Vector.length(v_instance)
it is easy to see where the self fits in. You don't actually write instance methods in Python; what you write is class methods which must take an instance as a first parameter. And therefore, you’ll have to place the instance parameter somewhere explicitly.
When objects are instantiated, the object itself is passed into the self parameter.
Because of this, the object’s data is bound to the object. Below is an example of how you might like to visualize what each object’s data might look. Notice how ‘self’ is replaced with the objects name. I'm not saying this example diagram below is wholly accurate but it hopefully with serve a purpose in visualizing the use of self.
The Object is passed into the self parameter so that the object can keep hold of its own data.
Although this may not be wholly accurate, think of the process of instantiating an object like this: When an object is made it uses the class as a template for its own data and methods. Without passing it's own name into the self parameter, the attributes and methods in the class would remain as a general template and would not be referenced to (belong to) the object. So by passing the object's name into the self parameter it means that if 100 objects are instantiated from the one class, they can all keep track of their own data and methods.
See the illustration below:
I like this example:
class A:
foo = []
a, b = A(), A()
a.foo.append(5)
b.foo
ans: [5]
class A:
def __init__(self):
self.foo = []
a, b = A(), A()
a.foo.append(5)
b.foo
ans: []
I will demonstrate with code that does not use classes:
def state_init(state):
state['field'] = 'init'
def state_add(state, x):
state['field'] += x
def state_mult(state, x):
state['field'] *= x
def state_getField(state):
return state['field']
myself = {}
state_init(myself)
state_add(myself, 'added')
state_mult(myself, 2)
print( state_getField(myself) )
#--> 'initaddedinitadded'
Classes are just a way to avoid passing in this "state" thing all the time (and other nice things like initializing, class composition, the rarely-needed metaclasses, and supporting custom methods to override operators).
Now let's demonstrate the above code using the built-in python class machinery, to show how it's basically the same thing.
class State(object):
def __init__(self):
self.field = 'init'
def add(self, x):
self.field += x
def mult(self, x):
self.field *= x
s = State()
s.add('added') # self is implicitly passed in
s.mult(2) # self is implicitly passed in
print( s.field )
[migrated my answer from duplicate closed question]
The following excerpts are from the Python documentation about self:
As in Modula-3, there are no shorthands [in Python] for referencing the object’s members from its methods: the method function is declared with an explicit first argument representing the object, which is provided implicitly by the call.
Often, the first argument of a method is called self. This is nothing more than a convention: the name self has absolutely no special meaning to Python. Note, however, that by not following the convention your code may be less readable to other Python programmers, and it is also conceivable that a class browser program might be written that relies upon such a convention.
For more information, see the Python documentation tutorial on classes.
As well as all the other reasons already stated, it allows for easier access to overridden methods; you can call Class.some_method(inst).
An example of where it’s useful:
class C1(object):
def __init__(self):
print "C1 init"
class C2(C1):
def __init__(self): #overrides C1.__init__
print "C2 init"
C1.__init__(self) #but we still want C1 to init the class too
>>> C2()
"C2 init"
"C1 init"
Its use is similar to the use of this keyword in Java, i.e. to give a reference to the current object.
Python is not a language built for Object Oriented Programming unlike Java or C++.
When calling a static method in Python, one simply writes a method with regular arguments inside it.
class Animal():
def staticMethod():
print "This is a static method"
However, an object method, which requires you to make a variable, which is an Animal, in this case, needs the self argument
class Animal():
def objectMethod(self):
print "This is an object method which needs an instance of a class"
The self method is also used to refer to a variable field within the class.
class Animal():
#animalName made in constructor
def Animal(self):
self.animalName = "";
def getAnimalName(self):
return self.animalName
In this case, self is referring to the animalName variable of the entire class. REMEMBER: If you have a variable within a method, self will not work. That variable is simply existent only while that method is running. For defining fields (the variables of the entire class), you have to define them OUTSIDE the class methods.
If you don't understand a single word of what I am saying, then Google "Object Oriented Programming." Once you understand this, you won't even need to ask that question :).
First of all, self is a conventional name, you could put anything else (being coherent) in its stead.
It refers to the object itself, so when you are using it, you are declaring that .name and .age are properties of the Student objects (note, not of the Student class) you are going to create.
class Student:
#called each time you create a new Student instance
def __init__(self,name,age): #special method to initialize
self.name=name
self.age=age
def __str__(self): #special method called for example when you use print
return "Student %s is %s years old" %(self.name,self.age)
def call(self, msg): #silly example for custom method
return ("Hey, %s! "+msg) %self.name
#initializing two instances of the student class
bob=Student("Bob",20)
alice=Student("Alice",19)
#using them
print bob.name
print bob.age
print alice #this one only works if you define the __str__ method
print alice.call("Come here!") #notice you don't put a value for self
#you can modify attributes, like when alice ages
alice.age=20
print alice
Code is here
self is an object reference to the object itself, therefore, they are same.
Python methods are not called in the context of the object itself.
self in Python may be used to deal with custom object models or something.
It’s there to follow the Python zen “explicit is better than implicit”. It’s indeed a reference to your class object. In Java and PHP, for example, it's called this.
If user_type_name is a field on your model you access it by self.user_type_name.
I'm surprised nobody has brought up Lua. Lua also uses the 'self' variable however it can be omitted but still used. C++ does the same with 'this'. I don't see any reason to have to declare 'self' in each function but you should still be able to use it just like you can with lua and C++. For a language that prides itself on being brief it's odd that it requires you to declare the self variable.
The use of the argument, conventionally called self isn't as hard to understand, as is why is it necessary? Or as to why explicitly mention it? That, I suppose, is a bigger question for most users who look up this question, or if it is not, they will certainly have the same question as they move forward learning python. I recommend them to read these couple of blogs:
1: Use of self explained
Note that it is not a keyword.
The first argument of every class method, including init, is always a reference to the current instance of the class. By convention, this argument is always named self. In the init method, self refers to the newly created object; in other class methods, it refers to the instance whose method was called. For example the below code is the same as the above code.
2: Why do we have it this way and why can we not eliminate it as an argument, like Java, and have a keyword instead
Another thing I would like to add is, an optional self argument allows me to declare static methods inside a class, by not writing self.
Code examples:
class MyClass():
def staticMethod():
print "This is a static method"
def objectMethod(self):
print "This is an object method which needs an instance of a class, and that is what self refers to"
PS:This works only in Python 3.x.
In previous versions, you have to explicitly add #staticmethod decorator, otherwise self argument is obligatory.
Take a look at the following example, which clearly explains the purpose of self
class Restaurant(object):
bankrupt = False
def open_branch(self):
if not self.bankrupt:
print("branch opened")
#create instance1
>>> x = Restaurant()
>>> x.bankrupt
False
#create instance2
>>> y = Restaurant()
>>> y.bankrupt = True
>>> y.bankrupt
True
>>> x.bankrupt
False
self is used/needed to distinguish between instances.
Source: self variable in python explained - Pythontips
Is because by the way python is designed the alternatives would hardly work. Python is designed to allow methods or functions to be defined in a context where both implicit this (a-la Java/C++) or explicit # (a-la ruby) wouldn't work. Let's have an example with the explicit approach with python conventions:
def fubar(x):
self.x = x
class C:
frob = fubar
Now the fubar function wouldn't work since it would assume that self is a global variable (and in frob as well). The alternative would be to execute method's with a replaced global scope (where self is the object).
The implicit approach would be
def fubar(x)
myX = x
class C:
frob = fubar
This would mean that myX would be interpreted as a local variable in fubar (and in frob as well). The alternative here would be to execute methods with a replaced local scope which is retained between calls, but that would remove the posibility of method local variables.
However the current situation works out well:
def fubar(self, x)
self.x = x
class C:
frob = fubar
here when called as a method frob will receive the object on which it's called via the self parameter, and fubar can still be called with an object as parameter and work the same (it is the same as C.frob I think).
In the __init__ method, self refers to the newly created object; in other class methods, it refers to the instance whose method was called.
self, as a name, is just a convention, call it as you want ! but when using it, for example to delete the object, you have to use the same name: __del__(var), where var was used in the __init__(var,[...])
You should take a look at cls too, to have the bigger picture. This post could be helpful.
self is acting as like current object name or instance of class .
# Self explanation.
class classname(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name
# Self is acting as a replacement of object name.
#self.name=object1.name
def display(self):
print("Name of the person is :",self.name)
print("object name:",object1.name)
object1=classname("Bucky")
object2=classname("ford")
object1.display()
object2.display()
###### Output
Name of the person is : Bucky
object name: Bucky
Name of the person is : ford
object name: Bucky
"self" keyword holds the reference of class and it is upto you if you want to use it or not but if you notice, whenever you create a new method in python, python automatically write self keyword for you. If you do some R&D, you will notice that if you create say two methods in a class and try to call one inside another, it does not recognize method unless you add self (reference of class).
class testA:
def __init__(self):
print('ads')
def m1(self):
print('method 1')
self.m2()
def m2(self):
print('method 2')
Below code throws unresolvable reference error.
class testA:
def __init__(self):
print('ads')
def m1(self):
print('method 1')
m2() #throws unresolvable reference error as class does not know if m2 exist in class scope
def m2(self):
print('method 2')
Now let see below example
class testA:
def __init__(self):
print('ads')
def m1(self):
print('method 1')
def m2():
print('method 2')
Now when you create object of class testA, you can call method m1() using class object like this as method m1() has included self keyword
obj = testA()
obj.m1()
But if you want to call method m2(), because is has no self reference so you can call m2() directly using class name like below
testA.m2()
But keep in practice to live with self keyword as there are other benefits too of it like creating global variable inside and so on.
self is inevitable.
There was just a question should self be implicit or explicit.
Guido van Rossum resolved this question saying self has to stay.
So where the self live?
If we would just stick to functional programming we would not need self.
Once we enter the Python OOP we find self there.
Here is the typical use case class C with the method m1
class C:
def m1(self, arg):
print(self, ' inside')
pass
ci =C()
print(ci, ' outside')
ci.m1(None)
print(hex(id(ci))) # hex memory address
This program will output:
<__main__.C object at 0x000002B9D79C6CC0> outside
<__main__.C object at 0x000002B9D79C6CC0> inside
0x2b9d79c6cc0
So self holds the memory address of the class instance.
The purpose of self would be to hold the reference for instance methods and for us to have explicit access to that reference.
Note there are three different types of class methods:
static methods (read: functions),
class methods,
instance methods (mentioned).
The word 'self' refers to instance of a class
class foo:
def __init__(self, num1, num2):
self.n1 = num1 #now in this it will make the perimeter num1 and num2 access across the whole class
self.n2 = num2
def add(self):
return self.n1 + self.n2 # if we had not written self then if would throw an error that n1 and n2 is not defined and we have to include self in the function's perimeter to access it's variables
it's an explicit reference to the class instance object.
from the docs,
the special thing about methods is that the instance object is passed as the first argument of the function. In our example, the call x.f() is exactly equivalent to MyClass.f(x). In general, calling a method with a list of n arguments is equivalent to calling the corresponding function with an argument list that is created by inserting the method’s instance object before the first argument.
preceding this the related snippet,
class MyClass:
"""A simple example class"""
i = 12345
def f(self):
return 'hello world'
x = MyClass()
I would say for Python at least, the self parameter can be thought of as a placeholder.
Take a look at this:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
p1 = Person("John", 36)
print(p1.name)
print(p1.age)
Self in this case and a lot of others was used as a method to say store the name value. However, after that, we use the p1 to assign it to the class we're using. Then when we print it we use the same p1 keyword.
Hope this helps for Python!
my little 2 cents
In this class Person, we defined out init method with the self and interesting thing to notice here is the memory location of both the self and instance variable p is same <__main__.Person object at 0x106a78fd0>
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def say_hi(self):
print("the self is at:", self)
print((f"hey there, my name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old"))
def say_bye(self):
print("the self is at:", self)
print(f"good to see you {self.name}")
p = Person("john", 78)
print("the p is at",p)
p.say_hi()
p.say_bye()
so as explained in above, both self and instance variable are same object.
I was trying some examples on class inheritance and stumbled, on how to access the methods. In tutorials, the proper form is always Class().method(), however apparently, that's not the only solution.
class A():
def open(self):
print("class A method open")
class B():
def open(self):
print("class B method open")
def close(self):
print("class B method close")
class D(A, B):
def end_reached(self):
print("end reached")
## Why do both of the following lines work & produce the same output?
D().open()
D.open(1)
I expected the last line to give an error, however, the output is the same as from the line above. It did give an error on missing parameter, if the method gets called like D.open(), but giving it just any parameter works.
Is there any difference between the two lines?
The difference lays in the descriptor protocol, specifically in how descriptors provide Python's object-oriented features.
open is a class attribute of various classes; in each case, though, it has the type function. That type implements the descriptor protocol, via the definition of function.__get__, by returning either a function object or a method object, depending on whether open is accessed via the class itself or an instance of the class.
Instance lookup
Given
d = D()
the attribute lookup d.open is equivalent to
type(d).__dict__['open'].__get__(d, D)
which returns a method which wraps the original function. When called, the method passes a reference to d and any of its own arguments to the wrapped function.
f = d.open # The return value of __get__
f() # open(d)
Class lookup
The attribute lookup D.open is equivalent to
D.__dict__['open'].__get__(None, D)
which returns the function open itself.
f = D.open # The return value of __get__
f(1) # open(1)
In order to learn about this, I have to go in depth about the properties of functions and methods.
Accessing a class field of a class via its instances checks if there are __set__ and/or __get__ methods. If they are, the call happens via __get__.
Functions work this way: if a function is a class field of a class (in short, methods), they are called via function.__get__(object)(*args, **kwargs).
And here, we have a difference between Python 2 and Python 3:
Python 2 unconditionally prepends the given object to the argumends and calls the underlying function with function(object, *args, **kwargs). object gets assigned to self then, which by convention is the name of the first parameter of a method.
Python 3 checks if the given object is an instance of the class as it should be. If it isn't, we get an exception. If it is, the call gets processed as above.
Example:
def outer_f(self):
return "f called with", self
class C(object):
f = outer_f
def g(self):
return "g called with", self
c = C()
print(outer_f(c))
print(C.f(c))
print(C.f.__get__(c)())
print(c.f())
print(C.g(c))
print(C.g.__get__(c)())
print(c.g())
class A():
def open(self):
print(self)
print("class A method open")
class B():
def open(self):
print("class B method open")
def close(self):
print("class B method close")
class D(A, B):
def end_reached(self):
print("end reached")
## Why do both of the following lines work & produce the same output?
D().open() # Okay
D.open(1) # BAD
output
<__main__.D object at 0x0045FE90>
class A method open
1
class A method ope
You might want to look at a static method
class A():
#staticmethod
def open():
print("open ran")
class D(A):
def end_reached(self):
print("end reached")
D.open() # Good
output
open ran
That's not an inheritance problem.
As you can see in your method declaration, first argument is self.
D() just creates an object of class D. If you do anything on the object, that object is automatically passed as first argument.
However, when doing D.open(1) you don't invoke the method on the object, so the first argument in the method is first argument passed to it == your code assumes self=1. Because your methods behave like static methods (you don't use self inside them), you don't access self's inside, so the code doesn't break.
But if your open method invoked anything from self (another method or a field),
then you would get an attribute error - because int object probably doesn't have a method like that.
Examples from build-in classes:
"aaa".split()
str.split("aaa")
They both behave the same.
"aaa" is of type str, so interpreted looks into class str for the method and automatically passes "aaa" as self. (Just like your D() is of type D. And d=D(), then d.open() will still know the type.)
The other one shows which class to ask for the method (str) but still needs an argument self. The way we define methods shows that "self" is really an argument as well, so we can just pass it.
For a recursive function we can do:
def f(i):
if i<0: return
print i
f(i-1)
f(10)
However is there a way to do the following thing?
class A:
# do something
some_func(A)
# ...
If I understand your question correctly, you should be able to reference class A within class A by putting the type annotation in quotes. This is called forward reference.
class A:
# do something
def some_func(self, a: 'A')
# ...
See ref below
https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/3661
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJsrxBkV3kc
In Python you cannot reference the class in the class body, although in languages like Ruby you can do it.
In Python instead you can use a class decorator but that will be called once the class has initialized. Another way could be to use metaclass but it depends on what you are trying to achieve.
You can't with the specific syntax you're describing due to the time at which they are evaluated. The reason the example function given works is that the call to f(i-1) within the function body is because the name resolution of f is not performed until the function is actually called. At this point f exists within the scope of execution since the function has already been evaluated. In the case of the class example, the reference to the class name is looked up during while the class definition is still being evaluated. As such, it does not yet exist in the local scope.
Alternatively, the desired behavior can be accomplished using a metaclass like such:
class MetaA(type):
def __init__(cls):
some_func(cls)
class A(object):
__metaclass__=MetaA
# do something
# ...
Using this approach you can perform arbitrary operations on the class object at the time that the class is evaluated.
Maybe you could try calling __class__.
Right now I'm writing a code that calls a class method from within the same class.
It is working well so far.
I'm creating the class methods using something like:
#classmethod
def my_class_method(cls):
return None
And calling then by using:
x = __class__.my_class_method()
It seems most of the answers here are outdated. From python3.7:
from __future__ import annotations
Example:
$ cat rec.py
from __future__ import annotations
class MyList:
def __init__(self,e):
self.data = [e]
def add(self, e):
self.data.append(e)
return self
def score(self, other:MyList):
return len([e
for e in self.data
if e in other.data])
print(MyList(8).add(3).add(4).score(MyList(4).add(9).add(3)))
$ python3.7 rec.py
2
Nope. It works in a function because the function contents are executed at call-time. But the class contents are executed at define-time, at which point the class doesn't exist yet.
It's not normally a problem because you can hack further members into the class after defining it, so you can split up a class definition into multiple parts:
class A(object):
spam= 1
some_func(A)
A.eggs= 2
def _A_scramble(self):
self.spam=self.eggs= 0
A.scramble= _A_scramble
It is, however, pretty unusual to want to call a function on the class in the middle of its own definition. It's not clear what you're trying to do, but chances are you'd be better off with decorators (or the relatively new class decorators).
There isn't a way to do that within the class scope, not unless A was defined to be something else first (and then some_func(A) will do something entirely different from what you expect)
Unless you're doing some sort of stack inspection to add bits to the class, it seems odd why you'd want to do that. Why not just:
class A:
# do something
pass
some_func(A)
That is, run some_func on A after it's been made. Alternately, you could use a class decorator (syntax for it was added in 2.6) or metaclass if you wanted to modify class A somehow. Could you clarify your use case?
If you want to do just a little hacky thing do
class A(object):
...
some_func(A)
If you want to do something more sophisticated you can use a metaclass. A metaclass is responsible for manipulating the class object before it gets fully created. A template would be:
class AType(type):
def __new__(meta, name, bases, dct):
cls = super(AType, meta).__new__(meta, name, bases, dct)
some_func(cls)
return cls
class A(object):
__metaclass__ = AType
...
type is the default metaclass. Instances of metaclasses are classes so __new__ returns a modified instance of (in this case) A.
For more on metaclasses, see http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#customizing-class-creation.
If the goal is to call a function some_func with the class as an argument, one answer is to declare some_func as a class decorator. Note that the class decorator is called after the class is initialized. It will be passed the class that is being decorated as an argument.
def some_func(cls):
# Do something
print(f"The answer is {cls.x}")
return cls # Don't forget to return the class
#some_func
class A:
x = 1
If you want to pass additional arguments to some_func you have to return a function from the decorator:
def some_other_func(prefix, suffix):
def inner(cls):
print(f"{prefix} {cls.__name__} {suffix}")
return cls
return inner
#some_other_func("Hello", " and goodbye!")
class B:
x = 2
Class decorators can be composed, which results in them being called in the reverse order they are declared:
#some_func
#some_other_func("Hello", "and goodbye!")
class C:
x = 42
The result of which is:
# Hello C and goodbye!
# The answer is 42
What do you want to achieve? It's possible to access a class to tweak its definition using a metaclass, but it's not recommended.
Your code sample can be written simply as:
class A(object):
pass
some_func(A)
If you want to refer to the same object, just use 'self':
class A:
def some_func(self):
another_func(self)
If you want to create a new object of the same class, just do it:
class A:
def some_func(self):
foo = A()
If you want to have access to the metaclass class object (most likely not what you want), again, just do it:
class A:
def some_func(self):
another_func(A) # note that it reads A, not A()
Do remember that in Python, type hinting is just for auto-code completion therefore it helps IDE to infer types and warn user before runtime. In runtime, type hints almost never used(except in some cases) so you can do something like this:
from typing import Any, Optional, NewType
LinkListType = NewType("LinkList", object)
class LinkList:
value: Any
_next: LinkListType
def set_next(self, ll: LinkListType):
self._next = ll
if __name__ == '__main__':
r = LinkList()
r.value = 1
r.set_next(ll=LinkList())
print(r.value)
And as you can see IDE successfully infers it's type as LinkList:
Note: Since the next can be None, hinting this in the type would be better, I just didn't want to confuse OP.
class LinkList:
value: Any
next: Optional[LinkListType]
It's ok to reference the name of the class inside its body (like inside method definitions) if it's actually in scope... Which it will be if it's defined at top level. (In other cases probably not, due to Python scoping quirks!).
For on illustration of the scoping gotcha, try to instantiate Foo:
class Foo(object):
class Bar(object):
def __init__(self):
self.baz = Bar.baz
baz = 15
def __init__(self):
self.bar = Foo.Bar()
(It's going to complain about the global name 'Bar' not being defined.)
Also, something tells me you may want to look into class methods: docs on the classmethod function (to be used as a decorator), a relevant SO question. Edit: Ok, so this suggestion may not be appropriate at all... It's just that the first thing I thought about when reading your question was stuff like alternative constructors etc. If something simpler suits your needs, steer clear of #classmethod weirdness. :-)
Most code in the class will be inside method definitions, in which case you can simply use the name A.