My system is connected to Active Directory and I can query it by binding using a username and password.
I noticed that I am also able to query it without explicitly providing a username and password, when using ADO or ADSDSOObject Provider (tried in Java/Python/VBA).
I would like to understand how the authentication is done in this case.
Example of first case where username and password is explicitly needed:
import ldap3
from ldap3.extend.microsoft.addMembersToGroups import ad_add_members_to_groups as addUsersInGroups
server = Server('172.16.10.50', port=636, use_ssl=True)
conn = Connection(server, 'CN=ldap_bind_account,OU=1_Service_Accounts,OU=0_Users,DC=TG,DC=LOCAL','Passw0rds123!',auto_bind=True)
print(conn)
Example of second case where no username and password is explicitly needed:
Set objConnection = CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")
Set objCommand = CreateObject("ADODB.Command")
objConnection.Provider = "ADsDSOObject"
objConnection.Open "Active Directory Provider"
Set objCOmmand.ActiveConnection = objConnection
objCommand.CommandText = "SELECT Name FROM 'LDAP://DC=mydomain,DC=com' WHERE objectClass = 'Computer'"
objCommand.Properties("Page Size") = 1000
objCommand.Properties("Searchscope") = ADS_SCOPE_SUBTREE
Set objRecordSet = objCommand.Execute
I tried to look at the source code of the libraries but was not able to understand what is being done.
In the second case, it's using the credentials of the account running the program, or it could even be using the computer account (every computer joined to the domain has an account on the domain, with a password that no person ever sees).
Python's ldap3 package doesn't automatically do that, however, it appears there may be way to make it work without specifying credentials, using Kerberos authentication. For example, from this issue:
I know that, for GSSAPI and GSS-SPNEGO, if you specify "authentication=SASL, sasl_mechanism=GSSAPI" (or spnego as needed) in your connection, then you don't need to specify user/password at all.
And there's also this StackOverflow question on the same topic: Passwordless Python LDAP3 authentication from Windows client
As the title says I want to programmatically check if a DNS response for a domain are protected with DNSSEC.
How could I do this?
It would be great, if there is a pythonic solution for this.
UPDATE:
changed request to response, sorry for the confusion
Using a DNS resolver (e.g. dnspython), you can query the domain for its DNSKEY RRset and turn on the DO (dnssec OK) query flag. If the query succeeds, the answer will have the AD (authenticated data) flag set and will contain the RRSIG signatures for the zone (if it is signed).
Update: a basic example using dnspython
import dns.name
import dns.query
import dns.dnssec
import dns.message
import dns.resolver
import dns.rdatatype
# get nameservers for target domain
response = dns.resolver.query('example.com.',dns.rdatatype.NS)
# we'll use the first nameserver in this example
nsname = response.rrset[0].to_text() # name
response = dns.resolver.query(nsname,dns.rdatatype.A)
nsaddr = response.rrset[0].to_text() # IPv4
# get DNSKEY for zone
request = dns.message.make_query('example.com.',
dns.rdatatype.DNSKEY,
want_dnssec=True)
# send the query
response = dns.query.udp(request,nsaddr)
if response.rcode() != 0:
# HANDLE QUERY FAILED (SERVER ERROR OR NO DNSKEY RECORD)
# answer should contain two RRSET: DNSKEY and RRSIG(DNSKEY)
answer = response.answer
if len(answer) != 2:
# SOMETHING WENT WRONG
# the DNSKEY should be self signed, validate it
name = dns.name.from_text('example.com.')
try:
dns.dnssec.validate(answer[0],answer[1],{name:answer[0]})
except dns.dnssec.ValidationFailure:
# BE SUSPICIOUS
else:
# WE'RE GOOD, THERE'S A VALID DNSSEC SELF-SIGNED KEY FOR example.com
To see if a particular request is protected, look at the DO flag in the request packet. Whatever language and library you use to interface to DNS should have an accessor for it (it may be called something else, like "dnssec").
The first answer is correct but incomplete if you want to know if a certain zone is protected. The described procedure will tell you if the zone's own data is signed. In order to check that the delegation to the zone is protected, you need to ask the parent zone's name servers for a (correctly signed) DS record for the zone you're interested in.
A ticketing script is accepting input from a config file. That config file contains an email body. How do I best enable the customer to reference a static list of variables within that email body?
The way I am doing it now is training the user which variables are allowed, and having the variables be "escaped" by mustaches, like so:
Config file:
You have been assigned a ticket to fix {IP}. The host contains the following vulnerabilities:
{vulnerability}
The urgency is {priority}.
The script will take this email body and send out an email for each server it finds. For example, there are 2 servers, A and B. The script will send out the following emails:
Server A values:
IP = 192.168.1.2
vulnerability = 'Heartbleed on port 443'
priority = 'High'
Server A email output:
You have been assigned a ticket to fix 192.168.1.2. The host contains the following vulnerabilities:
Heartbleed on port 443
The urgency is High.
Server B values:
IP = 192.168.1.11
vulnerability = 'OpenOffice 1.3'
priority = 'Low'
Server B email output:
You have been assigned a ticket to fix 192.168.1.11. The host contains the following vulnerabilities:
OpenOffice 1.3
The urgency is Low.
The question I am asking, generally speaking, how can I enable a non-Python user be able to customize a string with references to variables?
Use a mustache templating library like pystache.
>>> import pystache
>>> renderer = pystache.Renderer()
>>> print renderer.render(parsed, {'who': 'Pops'})
Hey Pops!
>>> print renderer.render(parsed, {'who': 'you'})
Hey you!
I'm just now getting into authentication in my app, and all of the pyramid examples that I can find explain the straightforward parts very well, but handwave over the parts that don't make any sense to me.
Most of the examples look something like this:
login = request.params['login']
password = request.params['password']
if USERS.get(login) == password:
headers = remember(request, login)
return HTTPFound(location = came_from,
headers = headers)
And from init:
session_factory = UnencryptedCookieSessionFactoryConfig(
settings['session.secret']
)
authn_policy = SessionAuthenticationPolicy()
authz_policy = ACLAuthorizationPolicy()
Trying to track down the point in which the login actually happens, I'm assuming it's this one:
headers = remember(request, login)
It appears to me that what is going on is we're storing the username in the session cookie.
If I put this line in my app, the current user is magically logged in, but why?
How does pyramid know that I'm passing a username? It looks like I'm just passing the value of login. Further, this variable is named differently in different examples.
Even if it does know that it's a username, how does it connect it with the user ID? If I run authenticated_userid(request) afterwards, it works, but how has the system connected the username with the userid? I don't see any queries as part of the remember() documentation.
Pyramid's security system revolves around principals; your login value is that principal. It is up to your code to provide remember() with a valid principal name; if your login name filled in the form is used as your principal, then that's great. If you are using an email address but use a database primary key as the principal string, then you'd have to map that yourself.
What exactly remember() does depends on your authentication policy; it is up to the policy to 'know' from request to request what principal you asked it to remember.
If you are using the AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy policy, then the principal value is stored in a cryptographically signed cookie; your next response will have a Set-Cookie header added. Then next time a request comes in with that cookie, provided it is still valid and the signature checks out, the policy now 'knows' what principle is making that request.
When that request then tries to access a protected resource, Pyramid sees that a policy is in effect, and asks that policy for the current authenticated principle.
There are two ways to authenticate a user using Django Auth LDAP
Search/Bind and
Direct Bind.
The first one involves connecting to the LDAP server either anonymously or with a fixed account and searching for the distinguished name of the authenticating user. Then we can attempt to bind again with the user’s password.
The second method is to derive the user’s DN from his username and attempt to bind as the user directly.
I want to be able to do a direct bind using the userid (sAMAccountName) and password of the user who is trying to gain access to the application. Please let me know if there is a way to achieve this? At the moment, I cannot seem to make this work due to the problem explained below.
In my case, the DN of users in LDAP is of the following format
**'CN=Steven Jones,OU=Users,OU=Central,OU=US,DC=client,DC=corp'**
This basically translates to 'CN=FirstName LastName,OU=Users,OU=Central,OU=US,DC=client,DC=corp'
This is preventing me from using Direct Bind as the sAMAccountName of the user is sjones and this is the parameter that corresponds to the user name (%user) and I can't figure out a way to frame a proper AUTH_LDAP_USER_DN_TEMPLATE to derive the User's DN using.
Due to the above explained problem, I am using Search/Bind for now but this requires me to have a fixed user credential to be specified in AUTH_LDAP_BIND_DN and AUTH_LDAP_BIND_PASSWORD.
Here is my current settings.py configuration
AUTH_LDAP_SERVER_URI = "ldap://10.5.120.161:389"
AUTH_LDAP_BIND_DN='CN=Steven Jones,OU=Users,OU=Central,OU=US,DC=client,DC=corp'
AUTH_LDAP_BIND_PASSWORD='fga.1234'
#AUTH_LDAP_USER_DN_TEMPLATE = 'CN=%(user)s,OU=Appl Groups,OU=Central,OU=US,DC=client,DC=corp'
AUTH_LDAP_USER_SEARCH = LDAPSearchUnion(
LDAPSearch("OU=Users, OU=Central,OU=US,DC=client,DC=corp",ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(sAMAccountName=%(user)s)"),
LDAPSearch("OU=Users,OU=Regional,OU=Locales,OU=US,DC=client,DC=corp",ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(sAMAccountName=%(user)s)"),
)
AUTH_LDAP_USER_ATTR_MAP = {"first_name": "givenName", "last_name": "sn","email":"mail"}
AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_SEARCH = LDAPSearch("CN=GG_BusinessApp_US,OU=Appl Groups,OU=Central,OU=US,DC=client,DC=corp",ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(objectClass=groupOfNames)")
AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_TYPE = GroupOfNamesType()
AUTH_LDAP_REQUIRE_GROUP = 'CN=GG_BusinessApp_US,OU=Appl Groups,OU=Central,OU=US,DC=client,DC=corp'
Looking forward for some guidance from the wonderful folks in here.
I had the same issue.
I ran across ticket 21 in the now-deleted bitbucket repository. (cant-bind-and-search-on-activedirectory). The issues were not migrated to their github, but the author brought up a way to change the library files for django-auth-ldap so that it could do a direct bind.
It came down to changing <python library path>/django_auth_ldap/backend.py to include two lines in _authenticate_user_dn:
if sticky and ldap_settings.AUTH_LDAP_USER_SEARCH:
self._search_for_user_dn()
I was able to get this to work on my local machine that was running Arch Linux 3.9.8-1-ARCH, but I was unable to replicate it on the dev server running Ubuntu 13.04.
Hopefully this can help.
(This is actually a comment to #amethystdragon's answer, but it's a bunch of code, so posting as a separate answer.) The problem still seems to exist with django_auth_ldap 1.2.5. Here's an updated patch. If you don't want or can't modify the source code, monkey-patching is possible. Just put this code to eg. end of settings.py. (And yes, I know monkey-patching is ugly.)
import ldap
from django_auth_ldap import backend
def monkey(self, password):
"""
Binds to the LDAP server with the user's DN and password. Raises
AuthenticationFailed on failure.
"""
if self.dn is None:
raise self.AuthenticationFailed("failed to map the username to a DN.")
try:
sticky = self.settings.BIND_AS_AUTHENTICATING_USER
self._bind_as(self.dn, password, sticky=sticky)
#### The fix -->
if sticky and self.settings.USER_SEARCH:
self._search_for_user_dn()
#### <-- The fix
except ldap.INVALID_CREDENTIALS:
raise self.AuthenticationFailed("user DN/password rejected by LDAP server.")
backend._LDAPUser._authenticate_user_dn = monkey
I also had this issue, but I didn't want to modify the settings.py file. The fix for me was to comment out the line "AUTH_LDAP_USER_DN_TEMPLATE = "uid=%(user)s,ou=path,dc=to,dc=domain"". I also added NestedActiveDirectoryGroupType as part of my troubleshooting. Not sure if it's necessary, but it's working now so I'm leaving it. Here's my ldap_config.py file.
import ldap
# Server URI
AUTH_LDAP_SERVER_URI = "ldap://urlForLdap"
# The following may be needed if you are binding to Active Directory.
AUTH_LDAP_CONNECTION_OPTIONS = {
# ldap.OPT_DEBUG_LEVEL: 1,
ldap.OPT_REFERRALS: 0
}
# Set the DN and password for the NetBox service account.
AUTH_LDAP_BIND_DN = "CN=Netbox,OU=xxx,DC=xxx,DC=xxx"
AUTH_LDAP_BIND_PASSWORD = "password"
# Include this setting if you want to ignore certificate errors. This might be needed to accept a self-signed cert.
# Note that this is a NetBox-specific setting which sets:
# ldap.set_option(ldap.OPT_X_TLS_REQUIRE_CERT, ldap.OPT_X_TLS_NEVER)
LDAP_IGNORE_CERT_ERRORS = True
from django_auth_ldap.config import LDAPSearch, NestedActiveDirectoryGroupType
# This search matches users with the sAMAccountName equal to the provided username. This is required if the user's
# username is not in their DN (Active Directory).
AUTH_LDAP_USER_SEARCH = LDAPSearch("OU=xxx,DC=xxx,DC=xxx",
ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE,
"(sAMAccountName=%(user)s)")
# If a user's DN is producible from their username, we don't need to search.
# AUTH_LDAP_USER_DN_TEMPLATE = "uid=%(user)s,ou=users,dc=corp,dc=loc"
# You can map user attributes to Django attributes as so.
AUTH_LDAP_USER_ATTR_MAP = {
"first_name": "givenName",
"last_name": "sn",
"email": "mail"
}
from django_auth_ldap.config import LDAPSearch, GroupOfNamesType, NestedActiveDirectoryGroupType
# This search ought to return all groups to which the user belongs. django_auth_ldap uses this to determine group
# heirarchy.
AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_SEARCH = LDAPSearch("dc=xxx,dc=xxx", ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE,
"(objectClass=group)")
AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_TYPE = NestedActiveDirectoryGroupType()
# Define a group required to login.
AUTH_LDAP_REQUIRE_GROUP = "CN=NetBox_Users,OU=NetBox,OU=xxx,DC=xxx,DC=xxx"
# Define special user types using groups. Exercise great caution when assigning superuser status.
AUTH_LDAP_USER_FLAGS_BY_GROUP = {
"is_active": "CN=NetBox_Active,OU=NetBox,OU=xxx,DC=xxx,DC=xxx",
"is_staff": "CN=NetBox_Staff,OU=NetBox,OU=xxx,DC=xxx,DC=xxx",
"is_superuser": "CN=NetBox_Superuser,OU=NetBox,OU=xxx,DC=xxx,DC=xxx"
}
# For more granular permissions, we can map LDAP groups to Django groups.
AUTH_LDAP_FIND_GROUP_PERMS = True
# Cache groups for one hour to reduce LDAP traffic
AUTH_LDAP_CACHE_GROUPS = True
AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_CACHE_TIMEOUT = 3600
I also had this problem where the old ldap server had a dn that started with uid, but the DN of the new one starts with CN ('Steven Jones'). I used this configuration (which solved it for me) in setting.py:
AUTH_LDAP_BIND_DN = 'CN=adreader,CN=Users,DC=xxx, DC=yyy'
from django_auth_ldap.config import LDAPSearch
import ldap
AUTH_LDAP_USER_SEARCH = LDAPSearch(base_dn='ou=People, ou=xxx, dc=yyy, dc=zzz,
scope=ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, filterstr='(sAMAccountName=%(user)s)')
I think using direct bind (as shown below) and then passing the common name in the login interface would do the job, and thus it is not needed to set static authentication credentials.
AUTH_LDAP_USER_DN_TEMPLATE = "CN=%(user)s,OU=users,OU=OR-TN,DC=OrangeTunisie,DC=intra"
The above answers did not work for me, but I have found a way to make it work.
The trick is to use sAMAAcountname in combination with the domain name to bind.
modify the template DN in order for it to use username#domain.com format.
use modified monkey patch to lookup and store the real user CN (self._user_dn).
Settings:
AUTH_LDAP_BIND_AS_AUTHENTICATING_USER = True
AUTH_LDAP_USER_DN_TEMPLATE = '%(user)s#example.com'
Patch:
import ldap
from django_auth_ldap import backend
def monkey(self, password):
"""
Binds to the LDAP server with the user's DN and password. Raises
AuthenticationFailed on failure.
"""
if self.dn is None:
raise self.AuthenticationFailed("failed to map the username to a DN.")
try:
sticky = self.settings.BIND_AS_AUTHENTICATING_USER
self._bind_as(self.dn, password, sticky=sticky)
# Search for the user DN -->
if sticky and self.settings.USER_SEARCH:
self._user_dn = self._search_for_user_dn()
except ldap.INVALID_CREDENTIALS:
raise self.AuthenticationFailed("user DN/password rejected by LDAP server.")
backend._LDAPUser._authenticate_user_dn = monkey