I have a pandas DataFrame that consists of multiple columns that I want to store into the postgreSQL database, using .to_sql():
my_table.to_sql('table', con=engine, schema='wrhouse', if_exists='append', index=False)
I have set a primary key (date), in order to avoid duplicate entries. So above-mentioned command works when my primary key does not exist in the database.
However, if that key exists I am getting the following error:
IntegrityError: (psycopg2.errors.UniqueViolation) duplicate key value violates unique constraint "table_pkey"
DETAIL: Key (date)=(2022-07-01 00:00:00) already exists.
Now, what I would like to do is:
Update the row with the already existed Key(date)
Insert a new row in case the Key(date) does not exist
I checked the documentation on: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.to_sql.html but I could't find any option by using the DataFrame.to_sql() function.
Additionally, if I change the if_exists='append' parameter to if_exists='replace', it deletes the whole table and that is not what I want.
Is there any way to update/insert rows using the .to_sql() function?
you could convert the my_table dataframe (which holds new values you'd like to send to the table in the database) to a numpy record array and add it to the query used in the execute function in your comment ^:
values = str(list(my_table.to_records(index=False)))[1:-1]
conn.execute(f"INSERT INTO wrschema.table (date, first_hour, last_hour, quantity) VALUES {values} ON CONFLICT (date) DO UPDATE SET first_hour = EXCLUDED.first_hour, last_hour = EXCLUDED.last_hour, quantity = EXCLUDED.quantity;")
(this is something that worked for me, hope it helps!)
I started by googling and found the article How to write INSERT if NOT EXISTS queries in standard SQL which talks about mutex tables.
I have a table with ~14 million records. If I want to add more data in the same format, is there a way to ensure the record I want to insert does not already exist without using a pair of queries (i.e., one query to check and one to insert is the result set is empty)?
Does a unique constraint on a field guarantee the insert will fail if it's already there?
It seems that with merely a constraint, when I issue the insert via PHP, the script croaks.
Use INSERT IGNORE INTO table.
There's also INSERT … ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE syntax, and you can find explanations in 13.2.6.2 INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Statement.
Post from bogdan.org.ua according to Google's webcache:
18th October 2007
To start: as of the latest MySQL, syntax presented in the title is not
possible. But there are several very easy ways to accomplish what is
expected using existing functionality.
There are 3 possible solutions: using INSERT IGNORE, REPLACE, or
INSERT … ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE.
Imagine we have a table:
CREATE TABLE `transcripts` (
`ensembl_transcript_id` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`transcript_chrom_start` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
`transcript_chrom_end` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`ensembl_transcript_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
Now imagine that we have an automatic pipeline importing transcripts
meta-data from Ensembl, and that due to various reasons the pipeline
might be broken at any step of execution. Thus, we need to ensure two
things:
repeated executions of the pipeline will not destroy our
> database
repeated executions will not die due to ‘duplicate
> primary key’ errors.
Method 1: using REPLACE
It’s very simple:
REPLACE INTO `transcripts`
SET `ensembl_transcript_id` = 'ENSORGT00000000001',
`transcript_chrom_start` = 12345,
`transcript_chrom_end` = 12678;
If the record exists, it will be overwritten; if it does not yet
exist, it will be created. However, using this method isn’t efficient
for our case: we do not need to overwrite existing records, it’s fine
just to skip them.
Method 2: using INSERT IGNORE Also very simple:
INSERT IGNORE INTO `transcripts`
SET `ensembl_transcript_id` = 'ENSORGT00000000001',
`transcript_chrom_start` = 12345,
`transcript_chrom_end` = 12678;
Here, if the ‘ensembl_transcript_id’ is already present in the
database, it will be silently skipped (ignored). (To be more precise,
here’s a quote from MySQL reference manual: “If you use the IGNORE
keyword, errors that occur while executing the INSERT statement are
treated as warnings instead. For example, without IGNORE, a row that
duplicates an existing UNIQUE index or PRIMARY KEY value in the table
causes a duplicate-key error and the statement is aborted.”.) If the
record doesn’t yet exist, it will be created.
This second method has several potential weaknesses, including
non-abortion of the query in case any other problem occurs (see the
manual). Thus it should be used if previously tested without the
IGNORE keyword.
Method 3: using INSERT … ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE:
Third option is to use INSERT … ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
syntax, and in the UPDATE part just do nothing do some meaningless
(empty) operation, like calculating 0+0 (Geoffray suggests doing the
id=id assignment for the MySQL optimization engine to ignore this
operation). Advantage of this method is that it only ignores duplicate
key events, and still aborts on other errors.
As a final notice: this post was inspired by Xaprb. I’d also advise to
consult his other post on writing flexible SQL queries.
Solution:
INSERT INTO `table` (`value1`, `value2`)
SELECT 'stuff for value1', 'stuff for value2' FROM DUAL
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM `table`
WHERE `value1`='stuff for value1' AND `value2`='stuff for value2' LIMIT 1)
Explanation:
The innermost query
SELECT * FROM `table`
WHERE `value1`='stuff for value1' AND `value2`='stuff for value2' LIMIT 1
used as the WHERE NOT EXISTS-condition detects if there already exists a row with the data to be inserted. After one row of this kind is found, the query may stop, hence the LIMIT 1 (micro-optimization, may be omitted).
The intermediate query
SELECT 'stuff for value1', 'stuff for value2' FROM DUAL
represents the values to be inserted. DUAL refers to a special one row, one column table present by default in all Oracle databases (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUAL_table). On a MySQL-Server version 5.7.26 I got a valid query when omitting FROM DUAL, but older versions (like 5.5.60) seem to require the FROM information. By using WHERE NOT EXISTS the intermediate query returns an empty result set if the innermost query found matching data.
The outer query
INSERT INTO `table` (`value1`, `value2`)
inserts the data, if any is returned by the intermediate query.
In MySQL, ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE or INSERT IGNORE can be viable solutions.
An example of ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE update based on mysql.com:
INSERT INTO table (a,b,c) VALUES (1,2,3)
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE c=c+1;
UPDATE table SET c=c+1 WHERE a=1;
An example of INSERT IGNORE based on mysql.com
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
{VALUES | VALUE} ({expr | DEFAULT},...),(...),...
[ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
col_name=expr
[, col_name=expr] ... ]
Or:
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name
SET col_name={expr | DEFAULT}, ...
[ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
col_name=expr
[, col_name=expr] ... ]
Or:
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
SELECT ...
[ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
col_name=expr
[, col_name=expr] ... ]
Any simple constraint should do the job, if an exception is acceptable. Examples:
primary key if not surrogate
unique constraint on a column
multi-column unique constraint
Sorry if this seems deceptively simple. I know it looks bad confronted to the link you share with us. ;-(
But I nevertheless give this answer, because it seems to fill your need. (If not, it may trigger you updating your requirements, which would be "a Good Thing"(TM) also).
If an insert would break the database unique constraint, an exception is throw at the database level, relayed by the driver. It will certainly stop your script, with a failure. It must be possible in PHP to address that case...
Try the following:
IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM beta WHERE name = 'John' > 0)
UPDATE alfa SET c1=(SELECT id FROM beta WHERE name = 'John')
ELSE
BEGIN
INSERT INTO beta (name) VALUES ('John')
INSERT INTO alfa (c1) VALUES (LAST_INSERT_ID())
END
REPLACE INTO `transcripts`
SET `ensembl_transcript_id` = 'ENSORGT00000000001',
`transcript_chrom_start` = 12345,
`transcript_chrom_end` = 12678;
If the record exists, it will be overwritten; if it does not yet exist, it will be created.
Here is a PHP function that will insert a row only if all the specified columns values don't already exist in the table.
If one of the columns differ, the row will be added.
If the table is empty, the row will be added.
If a row exists where all the specified columns have the specified values, the row won't be added.
function insert_unique($table, $vars)
{
if (count($vars)) {
$table = mysql_real_escape_string($table);
$vars = array_map('mysql_real_escape_string', $vars);
$req = "INSERT INTO `$table` (`". join('`, `', array_keys($vars)) ."`) ";
$req .= "SELECT '". join("', '", $vars) ."' FROM DUAL ";
$req .= "WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM `$table` WHERE ";
foreach ($vars AS $col => $val)
$req .= "`$col`='$val' AND ";
$req = substr($req, 0, -5) . ") LIMIT 1";
$res = mysql_query($req) OR die();
return mysql_insert_id();
}
return False;
}
Example usage:
<?php
insert_unique('mytable', array(
'mycolumn1' => 'myvalue1',
'mycolumn2' => 'myvalue2',
'mycolumn3' => 'myvalue3'
)
);
?>
There are several answers that cover how to solve this if you have a UNIQUE index that you can check against with ON DUPLICATE KEY or INSERT IGNORE. That is not always the case, and as UNIQUE has a length constraint (1000 bytes) you might not be able to change that. For example, I had to work with metadata in WordPress (wp_postmeta).
I finally solved it with two queries:
UPDATE wp_postmeta SET meta_value = ? WHERE meta_key = ? AND post_id = ?;
INSERT INTO wp_postmeta (post_id, meta_key, meta_value) SELECT DISTINCT ?, ?, ? FROM wp_postmeta WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM wp_postmeta WHERE meta_key = ? AND post_id = ?);
Query 1 is a regular UPDATE query without any effect when the data set in question is not there. Query 2 is an INSERT which depends on a NOT EXISTS, i.e. the INSERT is only executed when the data set doesn't exist.
Something worth noting is that INSERT IGNORE will still increment the primary key whether the statement was a success or not just like a normal INSERT would.
This will cause gaps in your primary keys that might make a programmer mentally unstable. Or if your application is poorly designed and depends on perfect incremental primary keys, it might become a headache.
Look into innodb_autoinc_lock_mode = 0 (server setting, and comes with a slight performance hit), or use a SELECT first to make sure your query will not fail (which also comes with a performance hit and extra code).
Update or insert without known primary key
If you already have a unique or primary key, the other answers with either INSERT INTO ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE ... or REPLACE INTO ... should work fine (note that replace into deletes if exists and then inserts - thus does not partially update existing values).
But if you have the values for some_column_id and some_type, the combination of which are known to be unique. And you want to update some_value if exists, or insert if not exists. And you want to do it in just one query (to avoid using a transaction). This might be a solution:
INSERT INTO my_table (id, some_column_id, some_type, some_value)
SELECT t.id, t.some_column_id, t.some_type, t.some_value
FROM (
SELECT id, some_column_id, some_type, some_value
FROM my_table
WHERE some_column_id = ? AND some_type = ?
UNION ALL
SELECT s.id, s.some_column_id, s.some_type, s.some_value
FROM (SELECT NULL AS id, ? AS some_column_id, ? AS some_type, ? AS some_value) AS s
) AS t
LIMIT 1
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
some_value = ?
Basically, the query executes this way (less complicated than it may look):
Select an existing row via the WHERE clause match.
Union that result with a potential new row (table s), where the column values are explicitly given (s.id is NULL, so it will generate a new auto-increment identifier).
If an existing row is found, then the potential new row from table s is discarded (due to LIMIT 1 on table t), and it will always trigger an ON DUPLICATE KEY which will UPDATE the some_value column.
If an existing row is not found, then the potential new row is inserted (as given by table s).
Note: Every table in a relational database should have at least a primary auto-increment id column. If you don't have this, add it, even when you don't need it at first sight. It is definitely needed for this "trick".
INSERT INTO table_name (columns) VALUES (values) ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING;
**What I am trying to do**
I have been trying to insert a record to a table via tkinter, and I want to see the inserted record on mysql.
Issue
After entering a record to tkinter, I received the following error. I looked into the solutions for the same errors posted online, but it was to use auto_increment for column Code (the one with primary key). However, I cannot use auto_increment since the values of the column Code does not always increase. I have also tried deleting primary key for the column but I still got the same error. Any insights on this?
**Error:**
*mysql.connector.errors.IntegrityError: 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '0' for key 'PRIMARY'*
**Code to create the table:**
#table
cursor=mycon.cursor(buffered=True)
cursor.execute("use iv")
cursor.execute("drop table if exists salesperson")
create_table='''create table salesperson
(
code int(4) primary key,
name varchar(15),
salary int,
itcode char
)'''
cursor.execute(create_table)
**Code to insert data to mysql from tkinter/python:**
from tkinter import *
from tkinter.messagebox import showinfo
def add_data():
code=tcode.get('1.0',END) #retrieve input
name=tname.get('1.0',END)
salary=tsal.get('1.0',END)
itcode=titcode.get('1.0',END)
#DATABASE CONNECTION
if code=="" or name=="" or salary=="" or itcode=="":
messagbox.showinfo("Please fill all the fields")
else:
import mysql.connector as sqltor
connection=sqltor.connect(host="localhost",user="root",password=" ",database="iv")
tkcursor=connection.cursor()
tkcursor.execute("Insert into salesperson values (code,'name',salary,'itcode')")
connection.commit()
messagebox.showinfo("Records inserted")
tkcursor.close()
The problem is in the INSERT statement:
tkcursor.execute("Insert into salesperson values (code,'name',salary,'itcode')")
When you reference an identifier in an SQL statement like this, it's an SQL identifier, not a Python variable. It's not an error in this case because your table coincidentally has columns named code and salary.
But what is the value of these columns? Since this is an INSERT statement, by definition the row doesn't exist yet as the VALUES() clause is evaluated. So the value of all columns of that row is NULL. It's exactly as if you had done this:
tkcursor.execute("Insert into salesperson values (NULL,'name',NULL,'itcode')")
Since code is the primary key, it must be NOT NULL. Even though the column does not have a DEFAULT defined, MySQL has a concept of a "default default." That is, in absence of an explicitly defined default value, each data type will be converted to an appropriate implicit default value if NULL is not accepted (see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/data-type-defaults.html for documentation on this). For an integer, the implicit default is 0. So your statement works as if you did this:
tkcursor.execute("Insert into salesperson values (0,'name',NULL,'itcode')")
How to fix this? You should use parameters to help you get the values of your Python variables into your SQL INSERT statement. That way the Python variable code will be used, not the SQL column that is also named code. The comment above from nbk hinted at this.
tkcursor=connection.cursor(prepared=True)
tkcursor.execute("Insert into salesperson values (%s,'name',%s,'itcode')", (code, salary,)
connection.commit()
See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-python/en/connector-python-api-mysqlcursorprepared.html for more information.
Is there a way to use Python's variable replacement when updating Sqlite data targeting a known rowid? I am trying to say something like:
cursor.execute('INSERT INTO Words(rowid,f1,f2) VALUES(?,?,?)', [rowid,2,3])
The problem is that this fails with error:
sqlite3.IntegrityError: PRIMARY KEY must be unique
I want to write a list of values into the table's existing record without changing the rowid number. What's the accepted way to update all fields from a list of values?
You use UPDATE instead of INSERT:
cursor.execute('UPDATE Words SET f1=?, f2=? WHERE rowid=?', [2, 3, rowid])
This tells the database to update the f1 and f2 columns with new values, for all rows where rowid matches your specified value.
Alternatively, use the INSERT OR REPLACE syntax; if a uniqueness constraint (such as the primary key not being unique) is violated, an UPDATE is issued instead, but if rowid is not yet present a new row will be inserted:
cursor.execute('INSERT OR REPLACE INTO Words(rowid,f1,f2) VALUES(?,?,?)', [rowid,2,3])