So I'm just starting to learn Python, and I am learning classes and imports, but for some reason even when I follow the same code as my book say to do, I get a traceback error.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Users/Programming/Desktop/Programs/EX40/main.py", line 1, in <module>
import objects.py
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'objects.py'; 'objects' is not a package
Here is both my Python files in which I'm trying to link:
main.py
import objects.py
print(MyStuff.tangerine)
objects.py
class MyStuff(object):
def __init__(self, arm):
self.tangerine = 'And now a thousand years between'
self.arm = arm
def apple(self):
print('I AM CLASSY APPLES!')
Try using
import objects
Because it takes py as a module in the objects file which does not exist
import objects.py is not a valid import
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html
Try
from objects import MyStuff
Instantiating the class:
mystuff = MyStuff("arm value")
print(mystuff.tangerine)
I'm have a script 'zigbot.py' which was working, but I'm restructuring to dockerize and now I'm questioning my ability to code at all. What I'm trying to do is have a telegram-bot container, and a 'web' container (FLASK), and a nginx container.
Next to zigbot.py I have a folder - 'bot', which has many of my scripts and functions in. Upon trying from bot.somescript import a_function I am getting error after error.
Project structure
zigbot
bot
bot
__init__.py
conversations.py
ct.py
Docerfile
funcs.py
pricedata.py
requirements.txt
util.py
zigbot.py
nginx
somestuff
web
app
migrations
templates
__init__.py
config.py
forms.py
functions.py
models.py
routes.py
signals.py
__init__.py
Dockerfile
requirements.txt
zigweb.py
When running the code below, I get a whole range of strange errors - the one listed below shows ImportError - it can't find 'onboard' in funcs, but its definitely there. Before the restructure, this was working. If I comment out 'onboard' it errors on every function in the list.
from bot.conversations import key_conversation
from bot.crypto_functions import satoshi_to_btc
from bot.funcs import onboard, main_menu, new_message1, new_keyboard, onboarded_keyboard, \
onboarded_message, blank_signal_message, send_signal_format, get_or_create_user, signal_detected_keyboard, log_me
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "zigbot.py", line 15, in <module>
from bot.funcs import onboard, main_menu, new_message1, new_keyboard, onboarded_keyboard, \
File "ZigBot\bot\bot\funcs.py", line 2, in <module>
from zigbot.web.app import db, app
File "ZigBot\bot\zigbot.py", line 15, in <module>
from bot.funcs import onboard, main_menu, new_message1, new_keyboard, onboarded_keyboard, \
ImportError: cannot import name 'onboard'
So I tried adding a .bot.conversation for (relative?) import, but this produces an even weirder error. I've included the code, the error, then the function I'm trying to import below:
from .bot.conversations import key_conversation
from .bot.crypto_functions import satoshi_to_btc
from .bot.funcs import onboard, main_menu, new_message1, new_keyboard, onboarded_keyboard, \
onboarded_message, blank_signal_message, send_signal_format, get_or_create_user, signal_detected_keyboard, log_me
from ..web.app import db
from ..web.app.models import User, Signal
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "zigbot.py", line 13, in <module>
from .bot.conversations import key_conversation
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '__main__.bot'; '__main__' is not a package
conversations.py
# Initialise conversationHandler states
def key_conversation(cancel):
# Define keyboards
keyboard = [
[InlineKeyboardButton('Previous', callback_data='onboard:key'),
InlineKeyboardButton('Next', callback_data='onboard:alldone')]]
conversation_keyboard = InlineKeyboardMarkup(keyboard)
Finally, I think I'm getting closer to the problem, I go back to the way I think it's supposed to be imported. From bot.funcs import x,y,y... I look in funcs.py and this is how its importing some other code from my Flask web app, but it doesn't like it.
funcs.py
from telegram import InlineKeyboardButton, InlineKeyboardMarkup
from web.app import db, app
from web.app.models import User
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "zigbot.py", line 15, in <module>
from bot.funcs import onboard, main_menu, new_message1, new_keyboard, onboarded_keyboard, \
File "ZigBot\bot\bot\funcs.py", line 2, in <module>
from web.app import db, app
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'web'
So I change the import to go up a level since web is two levels above bot - which contains the script I'm importing to. So zigbot>bot>bot>funcs.py trying to import from zigbot>web>app>
from telegram import InlineKeyboardButton, InlineKeyboardMarkup
from ..web.app import db, app
from ..web.app.models import User
import telegram
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "zigbot.py", line 15, in <module>
from bot.funcs import onboard, main_menu, new_message1, new_keyboard, onboarded_keyboard, \
File "\ZigBot\bot\bot\funcs.py", line 2, in <module>
from ..web.app import db, app
ValueError: attempted relative import beyond top-level package
This obviously doesn't work either. Given my structure of having bot and web how do I get this to work? I even tried pulling the scripts out of the second 'bot' folder but I get the same issues. Finally, my weirdest error which might provide a clue to what I'm doing wrong, if I change the import on funcs.py to go one level up, rather than two, I get an even stranger traceback.
from telegram import InlineKeyboardButton, InlineKeyboardMarkup
from .web.app import db, app
from .web.app.models import User
import telegram
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "zigbot.py", line 15, in <module>
from bot.funcs import onboard, main_menu, new_message1, new_keyboard, onboarded_keyboard, \
File "C:\Users\phill\PycharmProjects\ZigBot\bot\bot\funcs.py", line 2, in <module>
from .web.app import db, app
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'bot.web'
For clarity I removed some 'C:\Users\phill' from the tracebacks before realising it was pointless to remove that.
I think there's a fundamental flaw in your split if you have library dependencies across the boundary. Assuming that there are no imports of bot-modules in your web container, I would suggest breaking off the shared code into a module named weblib or something (alongside the bot-, nginx- and web-folders).
You still should not try to import across would-be container boundaries however, so just make sure weblib is in your path or installed in your virtual environment or however you want to handle it. Basically, bot and web should run in separate environments and should have weblib as a dependency.
Someone wiser than me might be able to explain it better.
For relative imports to work all the packages and subpackages must be in the sys.path - to achieve this you should run from the top-level directory as in:
C:\Users\phill\zigbot>python -m bot.zigbot
This will make your current working dir (zigbot) available to sys.path and the subpackages will be resolved correctly
I have some troubles with importation of self-made modules, I just can't see what I am doing wrong.
I have a package named basics, which has all my base classes
I have a second package named components, and every module in componentsuses the modules from basics.
I have a script file, located in another folder, which calls upon the basics and components modules.
I get the following error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "C:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\spyderlib\widgets\externalshell\sitecustomize.py", line 540, in runfile
execfile(filename, namespace)
File "H:/scripts/CIF_utilities/scripts/hello world.py", line 11, in <module>
TW=TextWriter(r'H:/scripts/CIF_utilities/components')
File "H:\scripts\CIF_utilities\components\textwriter.py", line 23, in __init__
layout=Layout(File=os.path.join(path,'alphabet.CIF'))
NameError: global name 'Layout' is not defined
There is my script: hello world.py
#hello world.py
import basics
from components.textwriter import *
TW=TextWriter(r'H:/scripts/CIF_utilities/components')
cell=TW.writeText('Hello World',30e3)
cell.draw()
layout=Layout()
layout.addCell(cell)
layout.workCell=cell
layout.exportCIF('hello world',os.getcwd())
textwriter.py is the one giving the error. In init, I load some data from a preformatted file using the Layout class (which will make the import)
in textwriter.py
#texwriter.py
import basics
import os, os.path, sys
import re
from numpy import *
from scipy import *
class TextWriter:
def __init__(self,pathToCIF=None):
if pathToCIF==None:
path=os.path.split(textwriter.__file__)[0]
else:
path=pathToCIF
###line that crashes is here
layout=Layout(File=os.path.join(path,'alphabet.CIF'))
self.alphabet=layout.workCell
There is the layout.py class:
#layout.py
import basics
from numpy import *
from scipy import *
import Tkinter
import tkFileDialog
import os, os.path
import re
import datetime
class Layout:
countCell=0
#classmethod
def getNewNumber(self):
Layout.countCell+=1
return Layout.countCell
def __init__(self,File=None):
self.cellList=[]
self.layerList=[]
self.nameFile=""
self.comments=""
self.workCell=None
if File!=None:
self.importCIF(File)
the init.py of the basics package contains all the necessary importations:
#__init__.py in basics folder
from baseElt import *
from cell import *
from layout import *
from transformation import *
the init.py from components is empty
I am currently using the anaconda 64bits distribution (python 2.7 if I recall well)
Thanks for your much needed help!
Since Layout is imported in basics/__init__.py, it only exists in the basics namespace, not in helloworld.py. Either access it with
layout = basics.Layout()
or explicitly import Layout into helloworld.py with
from basics import Layout
In textwriter.py, you want to switch
layout=Layout(File=os.path.join(path,'alphabet.CIF'))
for
layout=basics.Layout(File=os.path.join(path,'alphabet.CIF'))
You may have similar problems along your code. it is good to note that it is not pythonic to use
from package import *
It is recommended to instead use
from package_or_module import specific_item
import package_or_module
Remember, if you import with regular import you have to use the module/package name to access the object you want (i.e. basics.Layout).
Summary:
The same import statement that works when __name__ == "__main__" stops working when imported from another module outside the immediate package. If I fix it so that it works when imported, it stops working when __name__ == "__main__". Is there a win-win solution for these conflicting scopes?
In more detail:
Say I have the following system layout.
package/
__init__.py
outer_module.py
subpackage/
__init__.py
inner_module_1.py
inner_module_2.py
And say that all modules are empty except for the following two.
# inner_module_1
import inner_module_2
&
# outer_module
import subpackage.inner_module_1
import subpackage.inner_module_2
If I run inner_module_1, there is no error.
If I run outer_module, I get the following ImportError from inner_module_1.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\package\outer_module.py", line 1, in <module>
import subpackage.inner_module_1
File "C:\package\subpackage\inner_module_1.py", line 1, in <module>
import inner_module_2
ImportError: No module named 'inner_module_2'
I can prevent that error by adding the package name to the import statement in inner_module_1 as follows.
# inner_module_1
import subpackage.inner_module_2
Although this change allows outer_module to run without an error, now running inner_module_1, which had before run without error, raises the following error.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\package\subpackage\inner_module_1.py", line 1, in <module>
import subpackage.inner_module_2
ImportError: No module named 'subpackage'
So here are my questions.
Is the import statement in inner_module_1 interpreted differently when accessed by outer_module than when run in inner_module_1, and if so, how so?
Can I write an import statement in inner_module_1 that works both when inner_module_1 is run and also when outer_module is run, and if so, what is that statement?
Thanks,
Victor
I am encountering an import error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\bartis\Desktop\Python\TEC-KB\SlotMapper.pyw", line 9, in <module>
from SlotMapper import SlotMap
File "C:\Users\bartis\Desktop\Python\TEC-KB\SlotMapper.pyw", line 9, in <module>
from SlotMapper import SlotMap
ImportError: cannot import name 'SlotMap
This should be a straightforward issue, but I can’t seem to find the problem. If I place the SlotMapper.py file in the same directory as the GUI I am using the import of SlotMap occurs without error. If I move the file to a directory under the current working directory and add - sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'appLib')) I receive the error above. See import statements and modification of PYTHONPATH below. I know the PYTHONPATH has been modified after I checked it from the debugger. I also know since there are other files under appLib required for the GUI to operate. Finally, I have checked all of the imported files for a circular reference and find none… So stuck. Any suggestions welcome
import os
import sys
sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'appLib', 'KB-GUI'))
sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'appLib'))
from tkinter import *
from SlotMapper import SlotMap
from ShelfTypeSelection import ShelfTypeSelector
from PackTypeSelection import PackTypeSlotMappingSelector
from EntryWidgets import EntryBase, ShelfSlotEntry
The reason this is not working is because your file is named SlotMapper.pyw. The line
from SlotMapper import SlotMap
is trying to import SlotMap from your current file, hence the error. Try renaming your file to slotmapper_test.pyw or something like that, and everything should work as expected. You don't want your code files to have the same names as any modules you're trying to import, as the import mechanism will try to find the classes/functions there first, instead of searching your modules first.