i have created the code below, it takes a series of values,
and generates 10 numbers between x and r with an average value of 8000
in order to meet the specification to cover the range as well as possible, I also calculated the standard deviation, which is a good measure of spread. So whenever a sample set meets the criteria of mean of 8000, I compared it to previous matches and constantly choose the samples that have the highest std dev (mean always = 8000)
def node_timing(average_block_response_computational_time, min_block_response_computational_time, max_block_response_computational_time):
sample_count = 10
num_of_trials = 1
# print average_block_response_computational_time
# print min_block_response_computational_time
# print max_block_response_computational_time
target_sum = sample_count * average_block_response_computational_time
samples_list = []
curr_stdev_max = 0
for trials in range(num_of_trials):
samples = [0] * sample_count
while sum(samples) != target_sum:
samples = [rd.randint(min_block_response_computational_time, max_block_response_computational_time) for trial in range(sample_count)]
# print ("Mean: ", st.mean(samples), "Std Dev: ", st.stdev(samples), )
# print (samples, "\n")
if st.stdev(samples) > curr_stdev_max:
curr_stdev_max = st.stdev(samples)
samples_best = samples[:]
return samples_best[0]
i take the first value in the list and use this as a timing value, however this code is REALLY slow, i need to call this piece of code several thousand times during the simulation so need to improve the efficency of the code some how
anyone got any suggestions on how to ?
To see where we'd get the best speed improvements, I started by profiling your code.
import cProfile
pr = cProfile.Profile()
pr.enable()
for i in range(100):
print(node_timing(8000, 7000, 9000))
pr.disable()
pr.print_stats(sort='time')
The top of the results show where your code is spending most of its time:
23561178 function calls (23561176 primitive calls) in 10.612 seconds
Ordered by: internal time
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
4502300 3.694 0.000 7.258 0.000 random.py:172(randrange)
4502300 2.579 0.000 3.563 0.000 random.py:222(_randbelow)
4502300 1.533 0.000 8.791 0.000 random.py:216(randint)
450230 1.175 0.000 9.966 0.000 counter.py:19(<listcomp>)
4608421 0.690 0.000 0.690 0.000 {method 'getrandbits' of '_random.Random' objects}
100 0.453 0.005 10.596 0.106 counter.py:5(node_timing)
4502300 0.294 0.000 0.294 0.000 {method 'bit_length' of 'int' objects}
450930 0.141 0.000 0.150 0.000 {built-in method builtins.sum}
100 0.016 0.000 0.016 0.000 {built-in method builtins.print}
600 0.007 0.000 0.025 0.000 statistics.py:105(_sum)
2200 0.005 0.000 0.006 0.000 fractions.py:84(__new__)
...
From this output, we can see that we're spending ~7.5 seconds (out of 10.6 seconds) generating random numbers. Therefore, the only way to make this noticeably faster is to generate fewer random numbers or generate them faster. You're not using a cryptographic random number generator so I don't have a way to make generating numbers faster. However, we can fudge the algorithm a bit and drastically reduce the number of values we need to generate.
Instead of only accepting samples with a mean of exactly 8000, what if we accepted samples with a mean of 8000 +- 0.1% (then we're taking samples with a mean of 7992 to 8008)? By being a tiny bit inexact, we can drastically speed up the algorithm. I replaced the while condition with:
while abs(sum(samples) - target_sum) > epsilon
Where epsilon = target_sum * 0.001. Then I ran the script again and got much better profiler numbers.
232439 function calls (232437 primitive calls) in 0.163 seconds
Ordered by: internal time
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
100 0.032 0.000 0.032 0.000 {built-in method builtins.print}
31550 0.026 0.000 0.053 0.000 random.py:172(randrange)
31550 0.019 0.000 0.027 0.000 random.py:222(_randbelow)
31550 0.011 0.000 0.064 0.000 random.py:216(randint)
4696 0.010 0.000 0.013 0.000 fractions.py:84(__new__)
3155 0.008 0.000 0.073 0.000 counter.py:19(<listcomp>)
600 0.008 0.000 0.039 0.000 statistics.py:105(_sum)
100 0.006 0.000 0.131 0.001 counter.py:4(node_timing)
32293 0.005 0.000 0.005 0.000 {method 'getrandbits' of '_random.Random' objects}
1848 0.004 0.000 0.009 0.000 fractions.py:401(_add)
Allowing the mean to be up to 0.1% off of the target dropped the number of calls to randint by 100x. Naturally, the code also runs 100x faster (and now spends most of its time printing to console).
Related
This is the profiling result of my python code.
As you can see below, method 'recv_into' of '_socket.socket' objects takes too much time ( 17.265 as tottime )
What is it? And is there any way to reduce its time?
When is it called?
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
1 0.402 0.402 37.668 37.668 c:\Users\user\Google ����̺�\Business\Project\Jessica Project\jessica-1\simulation\simulatorW.py:239(backtestWithArgumentsList)
1 0.173 0.173 26.762 26.762 c:\Users\user\Google ����̺�\Business\Project\Jessica Project\jessica-1\simulation\simulatorW.py:110(getPrices)
1 0.000 0.000 26.588 26.588 c:\Users\user\Google ����̺�\Business\Project\Jessica Project\jessica-1\dto\__init__.py:5(__init__)
1 1.734 1.734 25.380 25.380 c:\Users\user\Google ����̺�\Business\Project\Jessica Project\jessica-1\dto\__init__.py:21(priceInfoListToDeque)
815679 2.204 0.000 23.473 0.000 C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\pymongo\cursor.py:1152(next)
13 0.021 0.002 20.631 1.587 C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\pymongo\cursor.py:1039(_refresh)
12 0.008 0.001 20.609 1.717 C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\pymongo\cursor.py:937(__send_message)
12 0.000 0.000 20.601 1.717 C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\pymongo\mongo_client.py:1306(_run_operation_with_response)
12 0.000 0.000 20.601 1.717 C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\pymongo\mongo_client.py:1437(_retryable_read)
12 0.000 0.000 20.597 1.716 C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\pymongo\mongo_client.py:1334(_cmd)
12 0.001 0.000 20.597 1.716 C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\pymongo\server.py:70(run_operation_with_response)
18 0.001 0.000 17.386 0.966 C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\pymongo\network.py:192(receive_message)
12 0.013 0.001 17.379 1.448 C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\pymongo\pool.py:637(receive_message)
36 0.066 0.002 17.331 0.481 C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\pymongo\network.py:249(_receive_data_on_socket)
19984 17.265 0.001 17.265 0.001 {method 'recv_into' of '_socket.socket' objects}
1 2.499 2.499 6.522 6.522 c:\Users\user\Google ����̺�\Business\Project\Jessica Project\jessica-1\simulation\simulatorW.py:138(filterIndicesWithTimeCondition)
It's a low level networking call. This is the time spent reading whatever you are loading. Take a look at its callers.
p.print_callers("{method 'recv_into' of '_socket.socket' objects}")
Keep going up the callers tree picking the ones that have longer times. Remember that the restriction is a regexp. Use escapes when necessary:
p.sort_stats("tottime").print_callers("api.py:104\(post\)")
The top 4 lines are more interesting than the recv_into one. If you go up the caller tree, you're likely to end up in one of those. There could be many ways to optimize those, since no details are provided. Cacheing, compressing, getting only what you need, and otherwise reducing network footprint.
I have some Python code that is generating a large data set via numerical simulation. The code is using Numpy for a lot of the calculations and Pandas for a lot of the top-level data. The data sets are large so the code is running slowly, and now I'm trying to see if I can use cProfile to find and fix some hot spots.
The trouble is that cProfile is identifying a lot of the hot spots as pieces of code within Pandas, within Numpy, and/or Python builtins. Here are the cProfile statistics sorted by 'tottime' (total time within the function itself). Note that I'm obscuring project name and file names since the code itself is not owned by me and I don't have permission to share details.
foo.sort_stats('tottime').print_stats(50)
Wed Jun 5 13:18:28 2019 c:\localwork\xxxxxx\profile_data
297514385 function calls (291105230 primitive calls) in 306.898 seconds
Ordered by: internal time
List reduced from 4141 to 50 due to restriction <50>
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
281307 31.918 0.000 34.731 0.000 {pandas._libs.lib.infer_dtype}
800 31.443 0.039 31.476 0.039 C:\LocalWork\WPy-3710\python-3.7.1.amd64\lib\site-packages\numpy\lib\function_base.py:4703(delete)
109668 23.837 0.000 23.837 0.000 {method 'clear' of 'dict' objects}
153481 19.369 0.000 19.369 0.000 {method 'ravel' of 'numpy.ndarray' objects}
5861614 14.182 0.000 78.492 0.000 C:\LocalWork\WPy-3710\python-3.7.1.amd64\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\indexes\base.py:3090(get_value)
5861614 8.891 0.000 8.891 0.000 {method 'get_value' of 'pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine' objects}
5861614 8.376 0.000 99.084 0.000 C:\LocalWork\WPy-3710\python-3.7.1.amd64\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\series.py:764(__getitem__)
26840695 7.032 0.000 11.009 0.000 {built-in method builtins.isinstance}
26489324 6.547 0.000 14.410 0.000 {built-in method builtins.getattr}
11846279 6.177 0.000 19.809 0.000 {pandas._libs.lib.values_from_object}
[...]
Is there a sensible way for me to figure out which parts of my code are excessively leaning on these library functions and built-ins? I anticipate one answer would be "look at the cumulative time statistics, that will probably indicate where these costly calls are originating". The cumulative times give a little bit of insight:
foo.sort_stats('cumulative').print_stats(50)
Wed Jun 5 13:18:28 2019 c:\localwork\xxxxxx\profile_data
297514385 function calls (291105230 primitive calls) in 306.898 seconds
Ordered by: cumulative time
List reduced from 4141 to 50 due to restriction <50>
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
643/1 0.007 0.000 307.043 307.043 {built-in method builtins.exec}
1 0.000 0.000 307.043 307.043 xxxxxx.py:1(<module>)
1 0.002 0.002 306.014 306.014 xxxxxx.py:264(write_xxx_data)
1 0.187 0.187 305.991 305.991 xxxxxx.py:256(write_yyyy_data)
1 0.077 0.077 305.797 305.797 xxxxxx.py:250(make_zzzzzzz)
1 0.108 0.108 187.845 187.845 xxxxxx.py:224(generate_xyzxyz)
108223 1.977 0.000 142.816 0.001 C:\LocalWork\WPy-3710\python-3.7.1.amd64\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\indexing.py:298(_setitem_with_indexer)
1 0.799 0.799 126.733 126.733 xxxxxx.py:63(populate_abcabc_data)
1 0.030 0.030 117.874 117.874 xxxxxx.py:253(<listcomp>)
7201 0.077 0.000 116.612 0.016 C:\LocalWork\xxxxxx\yyyyyyyyyyyy.py:234(xxx_yyyyyy)
108021 0.497 0.000 112.908 0.001 C:\LocalWork\WPy-3710\python-3.7.1.amd64\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\indexing.py:182(__setitem__)
5861614 8.376 0.000 99.084 0.000 C:\LocalWork\WPy-3710\python-3.7.1.amd64\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\series.py:764(__getitem__)
110024 0.917 0.000 81.210 0.001 C:\LocalWork\WPy-3710\python-3.7.1.amd64\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\internals.py:3500(apply)
108021 0.185 0.000 80.685 0.001 C:\LocalWork\WPy-3710\python-3.7.1.amd64\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\internals.py:3692(setitem)
5861614 14.182 0.000 78.492 0.000 C:\LocalWork\WPy-3710\python-3.7.1.amd64\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\indexes\base.py:3090(get_value)
108021 1.887 0.000 73.064 0.001 C:\LocalWork\WPy-3710\python-3.7.1.amd64\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\internals.py:819(setitem)
[...]
Is there a good way to pin down the hot spots -- better than "crawl through xxxxxx.py and search for all places where Pandas might be inferring a dataype, and where Numpy might be deleting objects"...?
I am trying to parallelize an embarrassingly parallel for loop (previously asked here) and settled on this implementation that fit my parameters:
with Manager() as proxy_manager:
shared_inputs = proxy_manager.list([datasets, train_size_common, feat_sel_size, train_perc,
total_test_samples, num_classes, num_features, label_set,
method_names, pos_class_index, out_results_dir, exhaustive_search])
partial_func_holdout = partial(holdout_trial_compare_datasets, *shared_inputs)
with Pool(processes=num_procs) as pool:
cv_results = pool.map(partial_func_holdout, range(num_repetitions))
The reason I need to use a proxy object (shared between processes) is the first element in the shared proxy list datasets that is a list of large objects (each about 200-300MB). This datasets list usually has 5-25 elements. I typically need to run this program on a HPC cluster.
Here is the question, when I run this program with 32 processes and 50GB of memory (num_repetitions=200, with datasets being a list of 10 objects, each 250MB), I do not see a speedup even by factor of 16 (with 32 parallel processes). I do not understand why - any clues? Any obvious mistakes, or bad choices? Where can I improve this implementation? Any alternatives?
I am sure this has been discussed before, and the reasons can be varied and very specific to implementation - hence I request you to provide me your 2 cents. Thanks.
Update: I did some profiling with cProfile to get a better idea - here is some info, sorted by cumulative time.
In [19]: p.sort_stats('cumulative').print_stats(50)
Mon Oct 16 16:43:59 2017 profiling_log.txt
555404 function calls (543552 primitive calls) in 662.201 seconds
Ordered by: cumulative time
List reduced from 4510 to 50 due to restriction <50>
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
897/1 0.044 0.000 662.202 662.202 {built-in method builtins.exec}
1 0.000 0.000 662.202 662.202 test_rhst.py:2(<module>)
1 0.001 0.001 661.341 661.341 test_rhst.py:70(test_chance_classifier_binary)
1 0.000 0.000 661.336 661.336 /Users/Reddy/dev/neuropredict/neuropredict/rhst.py:677(run)
4 0.000 0.000 661.233 165.308 /Users/Reddy/anaconda/envs/py36/lib/python3.6/threading.py:533(wait)
4 0.000 0.000 661.233 165.308 /Users/Reddy/anaconda/envs/py36/lib/python3.6/threading.py:263(wait)
23 661.233 28.749 661.233 28.749 {method 'acquire' of '_thread.lock' objects}
1 0.000 0.000 661.233 661.233 /Users/Reddy/anaconda/envs/py36/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/pool.py:261(map)
1 0.000 0.000 661.233 661.233 /Users/Reddy/anaconda/envs/py36/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/pool.py:637(get)
1 0.000 0.000 661.233 661.233 /Users/Reddy/anaconda/envs/py36/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/pool.py:634(wait)
866/8 0.004 0.000 0.868 0.108 <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:958(_find_and_load)
866/8 0.003 0.000 0.867 0.108 <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:931(_find_and_load_unlocked)
720/8 0.003 0.000 0.865 0.108 <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:641(_load_unlocked)
596/8 0.002 0.000 0.865 0.108 <frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>:672(exec_module)
1017/8 0.001 0.000 0.863 0.108 <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:197(_call_with_frames_removed)
522/51 0.001 0.000 0.765 0.015 {built-in method builtins.__import__}
The profiling info now sorted by time
In [20]: p.sort_stats('time').print_stats(20)
Mon Oct 16 16:43:59 2017 profiling_log.txt
555404 function calls (543552 primitive calls) in 662.201 seconds
Ordered by: internal time
List reduced from 4510 to 20 due to restriction <20>
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
23 661.233 28.749 661.233 28.749 {method 'acquire' of '_thread.lock' objects}
115/80 0.177 0.002 0.211 0.003 {built-in method _imp.create_dynamic}
595 0.072 0.000 0.072 0.000 {built-in method marshal.loads}
1 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 {method 'acquire' of '_multiprocessing.SemLock' objects}
897/1 0.044 0.000 662.202 662.202 {built-in method builtins.exec}
3 0.042 0.014 0.042 0.014 {method 'read' of '_io.BufferedReader' objects}
2037/1974 0.037 0.000 0.082 0.000 {built-in method builtins.__build_class__}
286 0.022 0.000 0.061 0.000 /Users/Reddy/anaconda/envs/py36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/scipy/misc/doccer.py:12(docformat)
2886 0.021 0.000 0.021 0.000 {built-in method posix.stat}
79 0.016 0.000 0.016 0.000 {built-in method posix.read}
597 0.013 0.000 0.021 0.000 <frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>:830(get_data)
276 0.011 0.000 0.013 0.000 /Users/Reddy/anaconda/envs/py36/lib/python3.6/sre_compile.py:250(_optimize_charset)
108 0.011 0.000 0.038 0.000 /Users/Reddy/anaconda/envs/py36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/scipy/stats/_distn_infrastructure.py:626(_construct_argparser)
1225 0.011 0.000 0.050 0.000 <frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>:1233(find_spec)
7179 0.009 0.000 0.009 0.000 {method 'splitlines' of 'str' objects}
33 0.008 0.000 0.008 0.000 {built-in method posix.waitpid}
283 0.008 0.000 0.015 0.000 /Users/Reddy/anaconda/envs/py36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/scipy/misc/doccer.py:128(indentcount_lines)
3 0.008 0.003 0.008 0.003 {method 'poll' of 'select.poll' objects}
7178 0.008 0.000 0.008 0.000 {method 'expandtabs' of 'str' objects}
597 0.007 0.000 0.007 0.000 {method 'read' of '_io.FileIO' objects}
More profiling info sorted by percall info:
Update 2
The elements in the large list datasets I mentioned earlier are not usually as big - they are typically 10-25MB each. But depending on the floating point precision used, number of samples and features, this can easily grow to 500MB-1GB per element also. hence I'd prefer a solution that can scale.
Update 3:
The code inside holdout_trial_compare_datasets uses method GridSearchCV of scikit-learn, which internally uses joblib library if we set n_jobs > 1 (or whenever we even set it). This might lead to some bad interactions between multiprocessing and joblib. So trying another config where I do not set n_jobs at all (which should to default no parallelism within scikit-learn). Will keep you posted.
Based on discussion in the comments, I did a mini experiment, compared three versions of implementation:
v1: basically as same as your approach, in fact, as partial(f1, *shared_inputs) will unpack proxy_manager.list immediately, Manager.List not involved here, data passed to worker with the internal queue of Pool.
v2: v2 made use Manager.List, work function will receive a ListProxy object, it fetches shared data via a internal connection to a server process.
v3: child process share data from the parent, take advantage of fork(2) system call.
def f1(*args):
for e in args[0]: pow(e, 2)
def f2(*args):
for e in args[0][0]: pow(e, 2)
def f3(n):
for i in datasets: pow(i, 2)
def v1(np):
with mp.Manager() as proxy_manager:
shared_inputs = proxy_manager.list([datasets,])
pf = partial(f1, *shared_inputs)
with mp.Pool(processes=np) as pool:
r = pool.map(pf, range(16))
def v2(np):
with mp.Manager() as proxy_manager:
shared_inputs = proxy_manager.list([datasets,])
pf = partial(f2, shared_inputs)
with mp.Pool(processes=np) as pool:
r = pool.map(pf, range(16))
def v3(np):
with mp.Pool(processes=np) as pool:
r = pool.map(f3, range(16))
datasets = [2.0 for _ in range(10 * 1000 * 1000)]
for f in (v1, v2, v3):
print(f.__code__.co_name)
for np in (2, 4, 8, 16):
s = time()
f(np)
print("%s %.2fs" % (np, time()-s))
results taken on a 16 core E5-2682 VPC, it is obvious that v3 scales better:
{method 'acquire' of '_thread.lock' objects}
Looking at your profiler output I would say that the shared object lock/unlock overhead overwhelms the speed gains of multithreading.
Refactor so that the work is farmed out to workers that do not need to talk to one another as much.
Specifically, if possible, derive one answer per data pile and then act on the accumulated results.
This is why Queues can seem so much faster: they involve a type of work that does not require an object that has to be 'managed' and so locked/unlocked.
Only 'manage' things that absolutely need to be shared between processes. Your managed list contains some very complicated looking objects...
A faster paradigm is:
allwork = manager.list([a, b,c])
theresult = manager.list()
and then
while mywork:
unitofwork = allwork.pop()
theresult = myfunction(unitofwork)
If you do not need a complex shared object, then only use a list of the most simple objects imaginable.
Then tell the workers to acquire the complex data that they can process in their own little world.
Try:
allwork = manager.list([datasetid1, datasetid2 ,...])
theresult = manager.list()
while mywork:
unitofworkid = allwork.pop()
theresult = myfunction(unitofworkid)
def myfunction(unitofworkid):
thework = acquiredataset(unitofworkid)
result = holdout_trial_compare_datasets(thework, ...)
I hope that this makes sense. It should not take too much time to refactor in this direction. And you should see that {method 'acquire' of '_thread.lock' objects} number drop like a rock when you profile.
Here is the rate limiting function in my code
def timepropagate(wv1, ham11,
ham12, ham22, scalararray, nt):
wv2 = np.zeros((nx, ny), 'c16')
fw1 = np.zeros((nx, ny), 'c16')
fw2 = np.zeros((nx, ny), 'c16')
for t in range(0, nt, 1):
wv1, wv2 = scalararray*wv1, scalararray*wv2
fw1, fw2 = (np.fft.fft2(wv1), np.fft.fft2(wv2))
fw1 = ham11*fw1+ham12*fw2
fw2 = ham12*fw1+ham22*fw2
wv1, wv2 = (np.fft.ifft2(fw1), np.fft.ifft2(fw2))
wv1, wv2 = scalararray*wv1, scalararray*wv2
del(fw1)
del(fw2)
return np.array([wv1, wv2])
What I would need to do is find a reasonably fast implementation that would allow me to go at twice the speed, preferably the fastest.
The more general question I'm interested in, is what way can I speed up this piece, using minimal possible connections back to python. I assume that even if I speed up specific segments of the code, say the scalar array multiplications, I would still come back and go from python at the Fourier transforms which would take time. Are there any ways I can use, say numba or cython and not make this "coming back" to python in the middle of the loops?
On a personal note, I'd prefer something fast on a single thread considering that I'd be using my other threads already.
Edit: here are results of profiling, the 1st one for 4096x4096 arrays for 10 time steps, I need to scale it up for nt = 8000.
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
1 0.099 0.099 432.556 432.556 <string>:1(<module>)
40 0.031 0.001 28.792 0.720 fftpack.py:100(fft)
40 45.867 1.147 68.055 1.701 fftpack.py:195(ifft)
80 0.236 0.003 47.647 0.596 fftpack.py:46(_raw_fft)
40 0.102 0.003 1.260 0.032 fftpack.py:598(_cook_nd_args)
40 1.615 0.040 99.774 2.494 fftpack.py:617(_raw_fftnd)
20 0.225 0.011 29.739 1.487 fftpack.py:819(fft2)
20 2.252 0.113 72.512 3.626 fftpack.py:908(ifft2)
80 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 fftpack.py:93(_unitary)
40 0.631 0.016 0.820 0.021 fromnumeric.py:43(_wrapit)
80 0.009 0.000 0.009 0.000 fromnumeric.py:457(swapaxes)
40 0.338 0.008 1.158 0.029 fromnumeric.py:56(take)
200 0.064 0.000 0.219 0.001 numeric.py:414(asarray)
1 329.728 329.728 432.458 432.458 profiling.py:86(timepropagate)
1 0.036 0.036 432.592 432.592 {built-in method builtins.exec}
40 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 {built-in method builtins.getattr}
120 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {built-in method builtins.len}
241 3.930 0.016 3.930 0.016 {built-in method numpy.core.multiarray.array}
3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {built-in method numpy.core.multiarray.zeros}
40 18.861 0.472 18.861 0.472 {built-in method numpy.fft.fftpack_lite.cfftb}
40 28.539 0.713 28.539 0.713 {built-in method numpy.fft.fftpack_lite.cfftf}
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {built-in method numpy.fft.fftpack_lite.cffti}
80 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {method 'append' of 'list' objects}
40 0.006 0.000 0.006 0.000 {method 'astype' of 'numpy.ndarray' objects}
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}
80 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {method 'pop' of 'list' objects}
40 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {method 'reverse' of 'list' objects}
80 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {method 'setdefault' of 'dict' objects}
80 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 {method 'swapaxes' of 'numpy.ndarray' objects}
40 0.022 0.001 0.022 0.001 {method 'take' of 'numpy.ndarray' objects}
I think I've done it wrong the first time, using time.time() to calculate time differences for small arrays and extrapolating the conclusions for larger ones.
If most of the time is spent in the hamiltonian multiplication, you may want to apply numba on that part. The most benefit coming from removing all the temporal arrays that would be needed if evaluating expressions from within NumPy.
Bear also in mind that the arrays (4096, 4096, c16) are big enough to not fit comfortably in the processor caches. A single matrix would take 256 MiB. So think that the performance is unlikely to be related at all with the operations, but rather on the bandwidth. So implement those operations in a way that you only perform one pass in the input operands. This is really trivial to implement in numba. Note: You will only need to implement in numba the hamiltonian expressions.
I want also to point out that the "preallocations" using np.zeros seems to signal that your code is not following your intent as:
fw1 = ham11*fw1+ham12*fw2
fw2 = ham12*fw1+ham22*fw2
will actually create new arrays for fw1, fw2. If your intent was to reuse the buffer, you may want to use "fw1[:,:] = ...". Otherwise the np.zeros do nothing but waste time and memory.
You may want to consider to join (wv1, wv2) into a (2, 4096, 4096, c16) array. The same with (fw1, fw2). That way code will be simpler as you can rely on broadcasting to handle the "scalararray" product. fft2 and ifft2 will actually do the right thing (AFAIK).
I'm trying to profile a few lines of Pandas code, and when I run %prun i'm finding most of my time is taken by {isinstance}. This seems to happen a lot -- can anyone suggest what that means and, for bonus points, suggest a way to avoid it?
This isn't meant to be application specific, but here's a thinned out version of the code if that's important:
def flagOtherGroup(df):
try:mostUsed0 = df[df.subGroupDummy == 0].siteid.iloc[0]
except: mostUsed0 = -1
try: mostUsed1 = df[df.subGroupDummy == 1].siteid.iloc[0]
except: mostUsed1 = -1
df['mostUsed'] = 0
df.loc[(df.subGroupDummy == 0) & (df.siteid == mostUsed1), 'mostUsed'] = 1
df.loc[(df.subGroupDummy == 1) & (df.siteid == mostUsed0), 'mostUsed'] = 1
return df[['mostUsed']]
%prun -l15 temp = test.groupby('userCode').apply(flagOtherGroup)
And top lines of prun:
Ordered by: internal time
List reduced from 531 to 15 due to restriction <15>
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
834472 1.908 0.000 2.280 0.000 {isinstance}
497048/395400 1.192 0.000 1.572 0.000 {len}
32722 0.879 0.000 4.479 0.000 series.py:114(__init__)
34444 0.613 0.000 1.792 0.000 internals.py:3286(__init__)
25990 0.568 0.000 0.568 0.000 {method 'reduce' of 'numpy.ufunc' objects}
82266/78821 0.549 0.000 0.744 0.000 {numpy.core.multiarray.array}
42201 0.544 0.000 1.195 0.000 internals.py:62(__init__)
42201 0.485 0.000 1.812 0.000 internals.py:2015(make_block)
166244 0.476 0.000 0.615 0.000 {getattr}
4310 0.455 0.000 1.121 0.000 internals.py:2217(_rebuild_blknos_and_blklocs)
12054 0.417 0.000 2.134 0.000 internals.py:2355(apply)
9474 0.385 0.000 1.284 0.000 common.py:727(take_nd)
isinstance, len and getattr are just the built-in functions. There are a huge number of calls to the isinstance() function here; it is not that the call itself takes a lot of time, but the function was used 834472 times.
Presumably it is the pandas code that uses it.