We Keep Coding

Visual Studio: unresolved import 'numpy'

I am trying to run the code below which requires numpy. I installed it via pip install numpy. However, numpy gets highlighted in the editor with the note unresolved import 'numpy'. When I try to run it I get the error No module named 'numpy'. After I got the error the first time I uninstalled numpy and re-installed it but the problem persists.
I am using Python 3.7.8 and NumPy 1.20.2.
The code I am trying to run:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# Copyright (c) 2018 Matthew Earl
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
# in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
# OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
# NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
# DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
# OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
# USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
"""
Super Mario Bros level extractor
This script requires py65emu, numpy, and PIL to run. Run with no arguments to see usage.
See http://matthewearl.github.io/2018/06/28/smb-level-extractor/ for a description of how this was written.
To run you'll need to compile https://gist.github.com/1wErt3r/4048722 with x816 to obtain the PRG-ROM and symbol files.
The CHR-ROM should be extracted from a Super Mario Bros ROM, or can be read from an INES ROM file. See
https://wiki.nesdev.com/w/index.php/INES for information on the INES format. In addition you'll need a NES palette
saved in "data/ntscpalette.pal", generated using the tool here: https://bisqwit.iki.fi/utils/nespalette.php
"""
import collections
import pathlib
import re
import numpy as np
from py65emu.cpu import CPU
from py65emu.mmu import MMU
_WORKING_RAM_SIZE = 0x800
Symbol = collections.namedtuple('Symbol', ('name', 'address', 'line_num'))
class SymbolFile:
_LINE_RE = r"(?P<name>[A-Z0-9_]+) *= \$(?P<address>[A-F0-9]*) *; <> \d+, statement #(?P<line_num>\d+)"
def __init__(self, fname):
with open(fname) as f:
self._symbols = [self._parse_symbol(line) for line in f.readlines()]
self._symbols = list(sorted(self._symbols, key=lambda s: s.address))
self._name_to_addr = {s.name: s.address for s in self._symbols}
self._addr_to_name = {s.address: s.name for s in self._symbols}
def _parse_symbol(self, line):
m = re.match(self._LINE_RE, line)
return Symbol(m.group('name'), int(m.group('address'), 16), int(m.group('line_num')))
def __getitem__(self, name):
return self._name_to_addr[name]
def _read_ppu_data(mmu, addr):
while True:
ppu_high_addr = mmu.read(addr)
if ppu_high_addr == 0x0:
break
ppu_low_addr = mmu.read(addr + 1)
assert ppu_high_addr == 0x3f and ppu_low_addr == 0x00
flags_and_length = mmu.read(addr + 2)
assert (flags_and_length & (1<<7)) == 0, "32-byte increment flag set"
assert (flags_and_length & (1<<6)) == 0, "Repeating flag set"
length = flags_and_length & 0b111111
addr += 3
for i in range(length):
yield mmu.read(addr)
addr += 1
def _load_palette(mmu, sym_file, nes_palette):
area_type = mmu.read(sym_file['AREATYPE'])
idx = mmu.read(sym_file['AREAPALETTE'] + area_type)
high_addr = mmu.read(sym_file['VRAM_ADDRTABLE_HIGH'] + idx)
low_addr = mmu.read(sym_file['VRAM_ADDRTABLE_LOW'] + idx)
palette_data = list(_read_ppu_data(mmu, high_addr << 8 | low_addr))
assert len(palette_data) == 32
a = np.array(palette_data[:16]).reshape(4, 4)
a[:, 0] = mmu.read(sym_file['BACKGROUNDCOLORS'] + area_type)
return nes_palette[a]
def _execute_subroutine(cpu, addr):
s_before = cpu.r.s
cpu.JSR(addr)
while cpu.r.s != s_before:
cpu.step()
def _get_metatile_buffer(mmu, sym_file):
return [mmu.read(sym_file['METATILEBUFFER'] + i) for i in range(13)]
def load_tile(chr_rom, idx):
chr_rom_addr = 0x1000 + 16 * idx
d = chr_rom[chr_rom_addr:chr_rom_addr + 16]
a = np.array([[b & (128 >> i) != 0 for i in range(8)] for b in d]).reshape(2, 8, 8)
return a[0] + 2 * a[1]
def _render_metatile(mmu, chr_rom, mtile, palette):
palette_num = mtile >> 6
palette_idx = mtile & 0b111111
high_addr = mmu.read(sym_file['METATILEGRAPHICS_HIGH'] + palette_num)
low_addr = mmu.read(sym_file['METATILEGRAPHICS_LOW'] + palette_num)
addr = (high_addr << 8 | low_addr) + palette_idx * 4
t = np.vstack([np.hstack([load_tile(chr_rom, mmu.read(addr + c * 2 + r)) for c in range(2)])
for r in range(2)])
return palette[palette_num][t]
def load_level(stage, prg_rom, chr_rom, sym_file, nes_palette):
# Initialize the MMU / CPU
mmu = MMU([
(0x0, _WORKING_RAM_SIZE, False, []),
(0x8000, 0x10000, True, list(prg_rom))
])
cpu = CPU(mmu, 0x0)
# Execute some preamble subroutines which set up variables used by the main subroutines.
if isinstance(stage, tuple):
world_num, area_num = stage
mmu.write(sym_file['WORLDNUMBER'], world_num - 1)
mmu.write(sym_file['AREANUMBER'], area_num - 1)
_execute_subroutine(cpu, sym_file['LOADAREAPOINTER'])
else:
area_pointer = stage
mmu.write(sym_file['AREAPOINTER'], area_pointer)
mmu.write(sym_file['HALFWAYPAGE'], 0)
mmu.write(sym_file['ALTENTRANCECONTROL'], 0)
mmu.write(sym_file['PRIMARYHARDMODE'], 0)
mmu.write(sym_file['OPERMODE_TASK'], 0)
_execute_subroutine(cpu, sym_file['INITIALIZEAREA'])
# Extract the palette.
palette = _load_palette(mmu, sym_file, nes_palette)
# Repeatedly extract meta-tile columns, until the level starts repeating.
cols = []
for column_pos in range(1000):
_execute_subroutine(cpu, sym_file['AREAPARSERCORE'])
cols.append(_get_metatile_buffer(mmu, sym_file))
_execute_subroutine(cpu, sym_file['INCREMENTCOLUMNPOS'])
if len(cols) >= 96 and cols[-48:] == cols[-96:-48]:
cols = cols[:-80]
break
level = np.array(cols).T
# Render a dict of metatiles.
mtiles = {mtile: _render_metatile(mmu, chr_rom, mtile, palette)
for mtile in set(level.flatten())}
return level, mtiles
def render_level(level, mtiles):
return np.vstack([np.hstack([mtiles[mtile] for mtile in row]) for row in level])
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
import PIL.Image
world_map = {
'{}-{}'.format(world_num, area_num): (world_num, area_num)
for world_num in range(1, 9)
for area_num in range(1, 5)
}
world_map.update({
'bonus': 0xc2,
'cloud1': 0x2b,
'cloud2': 0x34,
'water1': 0x00,
'water2': 0x02,
'warp': 0x2f,
})
if len(sys.argv) < 6:
print("Usage: {} <world> <prg-rom> <sym-file> <chr-rom> <out-file>".format(sys.argv[0]), file=sys.stderr)
print(" <world> is one of {}".format(', '.join(sorted(world_map.keys()))), file=sys.stderr)
print(" <prg-rom> is the binary output from x816")
print(" <sym-file> is the sym file output from x816")
print(" <chr-rom> is a CHR-ROM dump")
print(" <out-file> is the output image name")
sys.exit(-1)
stage = world_map[sys.argv[1]]
with open(sys.argv[2], 'rb') as f:
prg_rom = f.read()
sym_file = SymbolFile(sys.argv[3])
with open(sys.argv[4], 'rb') as f:
chr_rom = f.read()
out_fname = sys.argv[5]
with (pathlib.Path(sys.argv[0]).parent / "data" / "ntscpalette.pal").open("rb") as f:
nes_palette = np.array(list(f.read())).reshape(64, 3)
level, mtiles = load_level(stage, prg_rom, chr_rom, sym_file, nes_palette)
a = render_level(level, mtiles).astype(np.uint8)
im = PIL.Image.fromarray(a)
im.save(out_fname)

How did you create your workspace in Visual Studio? Do you have Python development tools installed with Visual Studio? Did you create a "Python application" as your project template?
If so then your project should have a virtual environment created, which you can see in the solution directory. If that is the case do:
Go to "Solution Explorer" Tab >
Find "Python Environments"
Find your active env. For me there was only one called "Python 3.9 (global default)"
Right click and select "Manage Python Packages..."
There it should list all the packages installed and versions. If numpy is not there, just type "numpy" in the search box and click the suggests install option: "run command: pip install numpy".

Make sure you have installed NumPy in the same python environment that you use to run the program. (Check the PATH variable if it includes the path to the correct python environment)

Cannot generate subsets of feature class with arcpy (ArcGIS library in Python 2.7)

I'm having a hard time here on processing GIS data in Python, using library ArcPy.
I've been trying to generate independent features from a feature class based on a field of the attribute table which is a unique code representing productive forest units, but I can't get it done.
I've already done this in other situations, but this time I don't know what I am missing.
Here is the code and the error I get:
# coding utf-8
import arcpy
arcpy.env.overwriteOutput = True
ws = r'D:\Projeto_VANT\SIG\proc_parc.gdb'
arcpy.env.workspace = ws
talhoes = r'copy_talhoes'
estados = ('SP', 'MG')
florestas = ('PROPRIA', 'PARCERIA')
arcpy.MakeFeatureLayer_management(talhoes,
'talhoes_layer',
""" "ESTADO" IN {} AND "FLORESTA" IN {} """.format(estados, florestas),
ws)
arcpy.FeatureClassToFeatureClass_conversion(in_features = 'talhoes_layer',
out_path = ws,
out_name = 'talhoes1')
talhoes1 = r'talhoes1'
arcpy.AddField_management(talhoes1, 'CONCAT_T', 'TEXT')
arcpy.CalculateField_management(talhoes1, 'CONCAT_T', """ [ESTADO] & "_" & [CODIGO] & "_" & [TALHAO] """, 'VB')
with arcpy.da.SearchCursor(talhoes1, ['CONCAT_T', 'AREA']) as tal_cursor:
for x in tal_cursor:
print(x[0] + " " + str(x[1])) # This print is just to check if the cursor works and it does!
arcpy.MakeFeatureLayer_management(x,
'teste',
""" CONCAT_T = '{}' """.format(str(x[0]))) # Apparently the problem is here!
arcpy.CopyFeatures_management('teste',
'Layer{}'.format(x[0]))
Here is the error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:/ArcPy_Classes/Scripts/sampling_sig.py", line 32, in <module>
""" CONCAT_T = '{}' """.format(str(x[0])))
File "C:\Program Files (x86)\ArcGIS\Desktop10.5\ArcPy\arcpy\management.py", line 6965, in MakeFeatureLayer
raise e
RuntimeError: Object: Error in executing tool

I think the issue is with your In feature. you will want your in feature to be talhoes1 since x is the cursor object and not a feature.
arcpy.MakeFeatureLayer_management(talhoes1,'teste',""" CONCAT_T =
'{}'""".format(str(x[0])))

How to update table of contents in docx-file with python on linux?

I've got a problem with updating table of contents in docx-file, generated by python-docx on Linux. Generally, it is not difficult to create TOC (Thanks for this answer https://stackoverflow.com/a/48622274/9472173 and this thread https://github.com/python-openxml/python-docx/issues/36)
from docx.oxml.ns import qn
from docx.oxml import OxmlElement
paragraph = self.document.add_paragraph()
run = paragraph.add_run()
fldChar = OxmlElement('w:fldChar') # creates a new element
fldChar.set(qn('w:fldCharType'), 'begin') # sets attribute on element
instrText = OxmlElement('w:instrText')
instrText.set(qn('xml:space'), 'preserve') # sets attribute on element
instrText.text = 'TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u' # change 1-3 depending on heading levels you need
fldChar2 = OxmlElement('w:fldChar')
fldChar2.set(qn('w:fldCharType'), 'separate')
fldChar3 = OxmlElement('w:t')
fldChar3.text = "Right-click to update field."
fldChar2.append(fldChar3)
fldChar4 = OxmlElement('w:fldChar')
fldChar4.set(qn('w:fldCharType'), 'end')
r_element = run._r
r_element.append(fldChar)
r_element.append(instrText)
r_element.append(fldChar2)
r_element.append(fldChar4)
p_element = paragraph._p
But later to make TOC visible it requires to update fields. Mentioned bellow solution involves update it manually (right-click on TOC hint and choose 'update fields'). For the automatic updating, I've found the following solution with word application simulation (thanks to this answer https://stackoverflow.com/a/34818909/9472173)
import win32com.client
import inspect, os
def update_toc(docx_file):
word = win32com.client.DispatchEx("Word.Application")
doc = word.Documents.Open(docx_file)
doc.TablesOfContents(1).Update()
doc.Close(SaveChanges=True)
word.Quit()
def main():
script_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe())))
file_name = 'doc_with_toc.docx'
file_path = os.path.join(script_dir, file_name)
update_toc(file_path)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
It pretty works on Windows, but obviously not on Linux. Have someone any ideas about how to provide the same functionality on Linux. The only one suggestion I have is to use local URLs (anchors) to every heading, but I am not sure is it possible with python-docx, also I'm not very strong with these openxml features. I will very appreciate any help.

I found a solution from this Github Issue. It work on ubuntu.
def set_updatefields_true(docx_path):
namespace = "{http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main}"
doc = Document(docx_path)
# add child to doc.settings element
element_updatefields = lxml.etree.SubElement(
doc.settings.element, f"{namespace}updateFields"
)
element_updatefields.set(f"{namespace}val", "true")
doc.save(docx_path)## Heading ##

import docx.oxml.ns as ns
def update_table_of_contents(doc):
# Find the settings element in the document
settings_element = doc.settings.element
# Create an "updateFields" element and set its "val" attribute to "true"
update_fields_element = docx.oxml.shared.OxmlElement('w:updateFields')
update_fields_element.set(ns.qn('w:val'), 'true')
# Add the "updateFields" element to the settings element
settings_element.append(update_fields_element)

Python on Visual Studio Error

Can somebody help me identify the error here? I am using Python on Visual Studio, and I have copied the code from another source. When I paste the code into a playground like Ideone.com, the program runs without issue. Only when I paste into visual studio do I get an error. The error is in the last two lines of code that begin with "print". This is probably a huge noob question, but I am a beginner. Help!
import hashlib as hasher
import datetime as date
# Define what a Snakecoin block is
class Block:
def __init__(self, index, timestamp, data, previous_hash):
self.index = index
self.timestamp = timestamp
self.data = data
self.previous_hash = previous_hash
self.hash = self.hash_block()
def hash_block(self):
sha = hasher.sha256()
sha.update(str(self.index) + str(self.timestamp) + str(self.data) + str(self.previous_hash))
return sha.hexdigest()
# Generate genesis block
def create_genesis_block():
# Manually construct a block with
# index zero and arbitrary previous hash
return Block(0, date.datetime.now(), "Genesis Block", "0")
# Generate all later blocks in the blockchain
def next_block(last_block):
this_index = last_block.index + 1
this_timestamp = date.datetime.now()
this_data = "Hey! I'm block " + str(this_index)
this_hash = last_block.hash
return Block(this_index, this_timestamp, this_data, this_hash)
# Create the blockchain and add the genesis block
blockchain = [create_genesis_block()]
previous_block = blockchain[0]
# How many blocks should we add to the chain
# after the genesis block
num_of_blocks_to_add = 20
# Add blocks to the chain
for i in range(0, num_of_blocks_to_add):
block_to_add = next_block(previous_block)
blockchain.append(block_to_add)
previous_block = block_to_add
# Tell everyone about it!
print "Block #{} has been added to the blockchain!".format(block_to_add.index)
print "Hash: {}\n".format(block_to_add.hash)

In visual studio and most other editors, they are updated to the most recent python, also meaning that you have to place parentheses after the print statement.
For example:
print("hello")

Visual Studio runs Python 3.x.x, so, you have to write the print sentences on this way:
print('String to print')
Because in Python 3 print is a function, not a reserved word like in Python 2.

Moving numpy arrays from VBA to Python and back

I have a VBA script in Microsoft Access. The VBA script is part of a large project with multiple people, and so it is not possible to leave the VBA environment.
In a section of my script, I need to do complicated linear algebra on a table quickly. So, I move the VBA tables written as recordsets) into Python to do linear algebra, and back into VBA. The matrices in python are represented as numpy arrays.
Some of the linear algebra is proprietary and so we are compiling the proprietary scripts with pyinstaller.
The details of the process are as follows:
The VBA script creates a csv file representing the table input.csv.
The VBA script runs the python script through the command line
The python script loads the csv file input.csv as a numpy matrix, does linear algebra on it, and creates an output csv file output.csv.
VBA waits until python is done, then loads output.csv.
VBA deletes the no-longer-needed input.csv file and output.csv file.
This process is inefficient.
Is there a way to load VBA matrices into Python (and back) without the csv clutter? Do these methods work with compiled python code through pyinstaller?
I have found the following examples on stackoverflow that are relevant. However, they do not address my problem specifically.
Return result from Python to Vba
How to pass Variable from Python to VBA Sub

Solution 1
Either retrieve the COM running instance of Access and get/set the data directly with the python script via the COM API:
VBA:
Private Cache
Public Function GetData()
GetData = Cache
Cache = Empty
End Function
Public Sub SetData(data)
Cache = data
End Sub
Sub Usage()
Dim wshell
Set wshell = VBA.CreateObject("WScript.Shell")
' Make the data available via GetData()'
Cache = Array(4, 6, 8, 9)
' Launch the python script compiled with pylauncher '
Debug.Assert 0 = wshell.Run("C:\dev\myapp.exe", 0, True)
' Handle the returned data '
Debug.Assert Cache(3) = 2
End Sub
Python (myapp.exe):
import win32com.client
if __name__ == "__main__":
# get the running instance of Access
app = win32com.client.GetObject(Class="Access.Application")
# get some data from Access
data = app.run("GetData")
# return some data to Access
app.run("SetData", [1, 2, 3, 4])
Solution 2
Or create a COM server to expose some functions to Access :
VBA:
Sub Usage()
Dim Py As Object
Set Py = CreateObject("Python.MyModule")
Dim result
result = Py.MyFunction(Array(5, 6, 7, 8))
End Sub
Python (myserver.exe or myserver.py):
import sys, os, win32api, win32com.server.localserver, win32com.server.register
class MyModule(object):
_reg_clsid_ = "{5B4A4174-EE23-4B70-99F9-E57958CFE3DF}"
_reg_desc_ = "My Python COM Server"
_reg_progid_ = "Python.MyModule"
_public_methods_ = ['MyFunction']
def MyFunction(self, data) :
return [(1,2), (3, 4)]
def register(*classes) :
regsz = lambda key, val: win32api.RegSetValue(-2147483647, key, 1, val)
isPy = not sys.argv[0].lower().endswith('.exe')
python_path = isPy and win32com.server.register._find_localserver_exe(1)
server_path = isPy and win32com.server.register._find_localserver_module()
for cls in classes :
if isPy :
file_path = sys.modules[cls.__module__].__file__
class_name = '%s.%s' % (os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(file_path))[0], cls.__name__)
command = '"%s" "%s" %s' % (python_path, server_path, cls._reg_clsid_)
else :
file_path = sys.argv[0]
class_name = '%s.%s' % (cls.__module__, cls.__name__)
command = '"%s" %s' % (file_path, cls._reg_clsid_)
regsz("SOFTWARE\\Classes\\" + cls._reg_progid_ + '\\CLSID', cls._reg_clsid_)
regsz("SOFTWARE\\Classes\\AppID\\" + cls._reg_clsid_, cls._reg_progid_)
regsz("SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\" + cls._reg_clsid_, cls._reg_desc_)
regsz("SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\" + cls._reg_clsid_ + '\\LocalServer32', command)
regsz("SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\" + cls._reg_clsid_ + '\\ProgID', cls._reg_progid_)
regsz("SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\" + cls._reg_clsid_ + '\\PythonCOM', class_name)
regsz("SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\" + cls._reg_clsid_ + '\\PythonCOMPath', os.path.dirname(file_path))
regsz("SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\" + cls._reg_clsid_ + '\\Debugging', "0")
print('Registered ' + cls._reg_progid_)
if __name__ == "__main__":
if len(sys.argv) > 1 :
win32com.server.localserver.serve(set([v for v in sys.argv if v[0] == '{']))
else :
register(MyModule)
Note that you'll have to run the script once without any argument to register the class and to make it available to VBA.CreateObject.
Both solutions work with pylauncher and the array received in python can be converted with numpy.array(data).
Dependency :
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pywin32

You can try loading your record set into an array, dim'ed as Double
Dim arr(1 to 100, 1 to 100) as Double
by looping, then pass the pointer to the first element ptr = VarPtr(arr(1, 1)) to Python, where
arr = numpy.ctypeslib.as_array(ptr, (100 * 100,)) ?
But VBA will still own the array memory

There is a very simple way of doing this with xlwings. See xlwings.org and make sure to follow the instructions to enable macro settings, tick xlwings in VBA references, etc. etc.
The code would then look as simple as the following (a slightly silly block of code that just returns the same dataframe back, but you get the picture):
import xlwings as xw
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# the #xw.decorator is to tell xlwings to create an Excel VBA wrapper for this function.
# It has no effect on how the function behaves in python
#xw.func
#xw.arg('pensioner_data', pd.DataFrame, index=False, header=True)
#xw.ret(expand='table', index=False)
def pensioner_CF(pensioner_data, mortality_table = "PA(90)", male_age_adj = 0, male_improv = 0, female_age_adj = 0, female_improv = 0,
years_improv = 0, arrears_advance = 0, discount_rate = 0, qxy_tables=0):
pensioner_data = pensioner_data.replace(np.nan, '', regex=True)
cashflows_df = pd.DataFrame()
return cashflows_df
I'd be interested to hear if this answers the question. It certainly made my VBA / python experience a lot easier.