So I started learning Python recently using "The New Boston's" videos on youtube, everything was going great until I got to his tutorial of making a simple web crawler. While I understood it with no problem, when I run the code I get errors all seemingly based around "SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED." I've been searching for an answer since last night trying to figure out how to fix it, it seems no one else in the comments on the video or on his website are having the same problem as me and even using someone elses code from his website I get the same results. I'll post the code from the one I got from the website as it's giving me the same error and the one I coded is a mess right now.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
def trade_spider(max_pages):
page = 1
while page <= max_pages:
url = "https://www.thenewboston.com/forum/category.php?id=15&orderby=recent&page=" + str(page) #this is page of popular posts
source_code = requests.get(url)
# just get the code, no headers or anything
plain_text = source_code.text
# BeautifulSoup objects can be sorted through easy
for link in soup.findAll('a', {'class': 'index_singleListingTitles'}): #all links, which contains "" class='index_singleListingTitles' "" in it.
href = "https://www.thenewboston.com/" + link.get('href')
title = link.string # just the text, not the HTML
print(href)
print(title)
# get_single_item_data(href)
page += 1
trade_spider(1)
The full error is: ssl.SSLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:645)
I apologize if this is a dumb question, I'm still new to programming but I seriously can't figure this out, I was thinking about just skipping this tutorial but it's bothering me not being able to fix this, thanks!
The problem is not in your code but in the web site you are trying to access. When looking at the analysis by SSLLabs you will note:
This server's certificate chain is incomplete. Grade capped to B.
This means that the server configuration is wrong and that not only python but several others will have problems with this site. Some desktop browsers work around this configuration problem by trying to load the missing certificates from the internet or fill in with cached certificates. But other browsers or applications will fail too, similar to python.
To work around the broken server configuration you might explicitly extract the missing certificates and add them to you trust store. Or you might give the certificate as trust inside the verify argument. From the documentation:
You can pass verify the path to a CA_BUNDLE file or directory with
certificates of trusted CAs:
>>> requests.get('https://github.com', verify='/path/to/certfile')
This list of trusted CAs can also be specified through the
REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE environment variable.
You can tell requests not to verify the SSL certificate:
>>> url = "https://www.thenewboston.com/forum/category.php?id=15&orderby=recent&page=1"
>>> response = requests.get(url, verify=False)
>>> response.status_code
200
See more in the requests doc
You are probably missing the stock certificates in your system. E.g. if running on Ubuntu, check that ca-certificates package is installed.
if you want to use the Python dmg installer, you also have to read Python 3's ReadMe and run the bash command to get new certificates.
Try running
/Applications/Python\ 3.6/Install\ Certificates.command
It's worth shedding a bit more "hands-on" light about what happens here, adding upon #Steffen Ullrich's answer here and elsewhere:
urllib and “SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED” Error
Python Urllib2 SSL error (a very detailed answer)
Notes:
I'll use another website than the OP, because the OP's website currently has no issues.
I used Ubunto to run the following commands (curl and openssl). I tried running curl on my Windows 10, but got different, unhelpful output.
The error experienced by the OP can be "reproduced" by using the following curl command:
curl -vvI https://www.vimmi.net
Which outputs (note the last line):
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to www.vimmi.net (82.80.192.7) port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
* CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
CApath: /etc/ssl/certs
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
* TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS alert, Server hello (2):
* SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate
* stopped the pause stream!
* Closing connection 0
curl: (60) SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate
Now let's run it with the --insecure flag, which will display the problematic certificate:
curl --insecure -vvI https://www.vimmi.net
Outputs (note the last two lines):
* Rebuilt URL to: https://www.vimmi.net/
* Trying 82.80.192.7...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to www.vimmi.net (82.80.192.7) port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
* CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
CApath: /etc/ssl/certs
* [...]
* Server certificate:
* subject: OU=Domain Control Validated; CN=vimmi.net
* start date: Aug 5 15:43:45 2019 GMT
* expire date: Oct 4 16:16:12 2020 GMT
* issuer: C=US; ST=Arizona; L=Scottsdale; O=GoDaddy.com, Inc.; OU=http://certs.godaddy.com/repository/; CN=Go Daddy Secure Certificate Authority - G2
* SSL certificate verify result: unable to get local issuer certificate (20), continuing anyway.
The same result can be seen using openssl, which is worth mentioning because it's used internally by python:
echo | openssl s_client -connect vimmi.net:443
Outputs:
CONNECTED(00000005)
depth=0 OU = Domain Control Validated, CN = vimmi.net
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:1
depth=0 OU = Domain Control Validated, CN = vimmi.net
verify error:num=21:unable to verify the first certificate
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:OU = Domain Control Validated, CN = vimmi.net
i:C = US, ST = Arizona, L = Scottsdale, O = "GoDaddy.com, Inc.", OU = http://certs.godaddy.com/repository/, CN = Go Daddy Secure Certificate Authority - G2
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
[...]
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
[...]
---
DONE
So why both curl and openssl can't verify the certificate Go Daddy issued for that website?
Well, to "verify a certificate" (to use openssl's error message terminology) means to verify that the certificate contains a trusted source signature (put differently: the certificate was signed by a trusted source), thus verifying vimmi.net identity ("identity" here strictly means that "the public key contained in the certificate belongs to the person, organization, server or other entity noted in the certificate").
A source is "trusted" if we can establish its "chain of trust", with the following properties:
The Issuer of each certificate (except the last one) matches the Subject of the next certificate in the list
Each certificate (except the last one) is signed by the secret key corresponding to the next certificate in the chain (i.e. the signature
of one certificate can be verified using the public key contained in
the following certificate)
The last certificate in the list is a trust anchor: a certificate that you trust because it was delivered to you by some trustworthy
procedure
In our case, the issuer is "Go Daddy Secure Certificate Authority - G2". That is, the entity named "Go Daddy Secure Certificate Authority - G2" signed the certificate, so it's supposed to be a trusted source.
To establish this entity's trustworthiness, we have 2 options:
Assume that "Go Daddy Secure Certificate Authority - G2" is a "trust anchor" (see listing 3 above). Well, it turns out that curl and openssl try to act upon this assumption: they searched that entity's certificate on their default paths (called CA paths), which are:
for curl, it's /etc/ssl/certs.
for openssl, it's /use/lib/ssl (run openssl version -a to see that).
But that certificate wasn't found, leaving us with a second option:
Follow steps 1 and 2 listed above; in order to do that, we need to get the certificate issued for that entity.
This can be achieved by downloading it from its source, or using the browser.
for example, go to vimmi.net using Chrome, click the padlock > "Certificate" > "Certification Path" tab, select the entity > "View Certificate", then in the opened window go to "Details" tab > "Copy to File" > Base-64 encoded > save the file)
Great! Now that we have that certificate (which can be in whatever file format: cer, pem, etc.; you can even save it as a txt file), let's tell curl to use it:
curl --cacert test.cer https://vimmi.net
Going back to Python
Once we have:
"Go Daddy Secure Certificate Authority - G2" certificate
"Go Daddy Root Certificate Authority - G2" certificate (wasn't mentioned above, but can be achieved in a similar way).
We need to copy their contents into a single file, let's call it combined.cer, and let's put it in the current directory. Then, simply:
import requests
res = requests.get("https://vimmi.net", verify="./combined.cer")
print (res.status_code) # 200
BTW, "Go Daddy Root Certificate Authority - G2" is listed as a trusted authority by browsers and various tools; that's why we didn't have to specify it for curl.
Further reading:
how are ssl certificates verified, especially #ychaouche image.
The First Few Milliseconds of an HTTPS Connection
Wikipedia: Public key certificate, Certificate authority
Nice video: Basics of Certificate Chain Validation.
Helpful SE answers that focus on certificate signature terminology: 1, 2, 3.
Certificates in relation to Man-In-The-Middle attack: 1, 2.
The most dangerous code in the world: validating SSL certificates in non-browser software
I'm posting this as an answer because I've gotten past your issue thus far, but there's still issues in your code (which when fixed, I can update).
So long story short: you could be using an old version of requests or the ssl certificate should be invalid. There's more information in this SO question: Python requests "certificate verify failed"
I've updated the code into my own bsoup.py file:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
def trade_spider(max_pages):
page = 1
while page <= max_pages:
url = "https://www.thenewboston.com/forum/category.php?id=15&orderby=recent&page=" + str(page) #this is page of popular posts
source_code = requests.get(url, timeout=5, verify=False)
# just get the code, no headers or anything
plain_text = source_code.text
# BeautifulSoup objects can be sorted through easy
for link in BeautifulSoup.findAll('a', {'class': 'index_singleListingTitles'}): #all links, which contains "" class='index_singleListingTitles' "" in it.
href = "https://www.thenewboston.com/" + link.get('href')
title = link.string # just the text, not the HTML
print(href)
print(title)
# get_single_item_data(href)
page += 1
if __name__ == "__main__":
trade_spider(1)
When I run the script, it gives me this error:
https://www.thenewboston.com/forum/category.php?id=15&orderby=recent&page=1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./bsoup.py", line 26, in <module>
trade_spider(1)
File "./bsoup.py", line 16, in trade_spider
for link in BeautifulSoup.findAll('a', {'class': 'index_singleListingTitles'}): #all links, which contains "" class='index_singleListingTitles' "" in it.
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.4/dist-packages/bs4/element.py", line 1256, in find_all
generator = self.descendants
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'descendants'
There's an issue somewhere with your findAll method. I've used both python3 and python2, wherein python2 reports this:
TypeError: unbound method find_all() must be called with BeautifulSoup instance as first argument (got str instance instead)
So it looks like you'll need to fix up that method before you can continue
I spent several hours trying to fix some Python and update certs on a VM. In my case I was working against a server that someone else had set up. It turned out that the wrong cert had been uploaded to the server. I found this command on another SO answer.
root#ubuntu:~/cloud-tools# openssl s_client -connect abc.def.com:443
CONNECTED(00000005)
depth=0 OU = Domain Control Validated, CN = abc.def.com
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:1
depth=0 OU = Domain Control Validated, CN = abc.def.com
verify error:num=21:unable to verify the first certificate
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:OU = Domain Control Validated, CN = abc.def.com
i:C = US, ST = Arizona, L = Scottsdale, O = "GoDaddy.com, Inc.", OU = http://certs.godaddy.com/repository/, CN = Go Daddy Secure Certificate Authority - G2
Related
Here is my function. It was working yesterday, but not any more.
from cif import cif
def make_oecd_request():
country = ['AUS','AUT']
dsname = 'B1_GE'
measure = ['GPSA']
frequency = 'Q'
startDate = '1947-Q1'
endDate = '2021-Q3'
data, subjects, measures = cif.createDataFrameFromOECD(countries=countries,
dsname=dsname,measure=measure,
frequency=frequency,startDate=startDate,endDate=endDate)
Here is the error:
requests.exceptions.SSLError:
HTTPSConnectionPool(host='stats.oecd.org', port=443):
Max retries exceeded with url:
/SDMX-JSON/data/B1_GE/AUS..GPSA.Q/all?startTime=1947-Q1&endTime=2021-Q3
&dimensionAtObservation
=AllDimensions (Caused by
SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED]
certificate verify failed:
unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:997)')))
Has anyone faced this issue before?
It has nothing to do with API limits in this case. Usually when you hit a limit you will get a more explicit message. This is purely an SSL certificate issue. It could have expired or you could have an issue with the intermediary certificate.
First thing you could do is try to hit the endpoint with a browser and look at the certificate (it's typically a padlock icon in the address bar depending on your browser).
If the certificate looks fine, try pip install --upgrade certifi
Still doesn't work? You need to get out the big guns. Note that it would be much better if you do this in a virtualized environment.
First step, go to https://www.digicert.com/help/ and search for stats.oecd.org. Note that it will tell you that the server is misconfigured and is not providing the intermediary certificate. Note the name of the certificate in question: DigiCert TLS RSA SHA256 2020 CA1
Now go to https://www.digicert.com/kb/digicert-root-certificates.htm and search for DigiCert TLS RSA SHA256 2020 CA1. When you find it, download the pem file. Open the file in your favorite editor and copy everything.
Now modify your code like so:
import certifi
from cif import cif
def make_oecd_request():
countries = ["AUS", "AUT"]
dsname = "B1_GE"
measure = ["GPSA"]
frequency = "Q"
startDate = "1947-Q1"
endDate = "2021-Q3"
data, subjects, measures = cif.createDataFrameFromOECD(
countries=countries,
dsname=dsname,
measure=measure,
frequency=frequency,
startDate=startDate,
endDate=endDate,
)
print(certifi.where())
make_oecd_request()
It will still fail, but now it will tell you where the certifi certificate was installed. Open that file and paste the certificate you previously copied at the top. Make sure you include all of it.
You'll find the certificate error is resolved. However, the request is now returning a 400 which means there is an issue with the parameters provided.
Below is my code:
import hvac
client = hvac.Client(
url='https://vault-abc.net',token='s.d0AGS4FE3o6UxUpVTQ0h0RRd',verify='False'
)
print(client.is_authenticated())
ERROR in output:
in cert_verify
raise IOError("Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate bundle, " OSError: Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate
bundle, invalid path: False
I got only token and URL to login on console from client no certificates shared! In other java applications code without using any certificate authentication working but in python code under hvac module or CURL or vault CLI expecting certificates to be passed. Any way I can handle this and fix above error?
Do we have any certificate check skip option?
Agenda is authenticate and do fetch vault secrets using python program, without any certificates need to fetch just with Token & vault URL.
You can disable certificate checks, but for something like Vault that's generally a bad idea (disabling security checks on a security service).
In any case, your problem is simple: You are passing 'False' (a string) where you should be passing False (a boolean) as the verify argument.
Passing a string causes the library to look for a certificate at that path; since there is no certificate at the path 'False', you get the error that you are seeing.
[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:852)>
from urllib import request as urlrequest
PROXY_ADDRESS = '212.205.112.162:57205'
url = 'http://www.showmemyip.com/'
request = urlrequest.Request(url)
request.set_proxy(PROXY_ADDRESS,'http')
response = urlrequest.urlopen(request)
print(response.read().decode('utf8'))
How can I include the ssl certificate in the request?
Thank your for any help
I had the same problem and I struggled for weeks.
To include the certifcate:
requests.get("Website", verify ="CertBundle.pem")
To get your certificate open your Internet Explorer and navigate to your website. On the right side next to the url you click on the lock-icon. -> show certificate -> certification path. Here you find the name/names of the certificates you need.
Go to Chrome -> Settings -> data privacy and security -> manage certificates
Now look for your certificate and export it. If you have more then one, create a new text file -> CertBundle.pem and copy the content of the certificates in CertBundle. You only ----BEGIN--- and ----End--- once. Just copy paste it after one another and you are ready to go.
I am running a REST API (Search API) with Tweepy in Python. I worked the program at home and it's totally fine. But now I am working on this in different networks and I got the error message.
SSLError: ("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'ssl3_get_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')],)",)
My code is like this.
auth = tweepy.AppAuthHandler(consumer_key, consumer_secret)
api = tweepy.API(auth,wait_on_rate_limit=True, wait_on_rate_limit_notify=True)
I found this post
Python Requests throwing up SSLError
and set the following code (verify = false) may be a quick solution. Does anyone know how to do it or other ways in tweepy? Thank you.
In streaming.py, adding verify = False in line# 105 did the trick for me as shown below. Though it is not advisable to use this approach as it makes the connection unsafe. Haven't been able to come up with a workaround for this yet.
stream = Stream(auth, listener, verify = False)
I ran into the same problem and unfortunately the only thing that worked was setting verify=False in auth.py in Tweepy (for me Tweepy is located in /anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tweepy on my Mac):
resp = requests.post(self._get_oauth_url('token'),
auth=(self.consumer_key,
self.consumer_secret),
data={'grant_type': 'client_credentials'},
verify=False)
Edit:
Behind a corporate firewall, there is a certificate issue. In chrome go to settings-->advanced-->certificates and download your corporate CA certificate. Then, in Tweepy binder.py, right under session = requests.session() add
session.verify = 'path_to_corporate_certificate.cer'
First, verify if you can access twitter just using a proxy configuration. If so, you can modify this line on your code to include a proxy URL:
self.api = tweepy.API(self.auth)
Adding verify=False will ignore the validation that has to be made and all the data will be transferred in plain text without any encryption.
pip install certifi
The above installation fixes the bad handshake and ssl error.
For anybody that might stumble on this like I did, I had a similar problem because my company was using a proxy, and the SSL check failed while trying to verify the proxy's certificate.
The solution was to export the proxy's root certificate as a .pem file. Then you can add this certificate to certifi's trust store by doing:
import certifi
cafile = certifi.where()
with open(r<path to pem file>, 'rb') as infile:
customca = infile.read()
with open(cafile, 'ab') as outfile:
outfile.write(customca)
You'll have to replace <path to pem file> with the path to the exported file. This should allow requests (and tweepy) to successfully validate the certificates.
Alert - Amateur Coder here :)
I want to have a read only access for a particular Reporting API.
This particular API documentation mentions that:
1) All API requests must be made over HTTPS. Calls over plain HTTP will fail.
2) Authentication is accomplished via Oauth 1.0a (two-legged)
I am using Python 3+ to call the API. And for the SSL certificate I am using certifi.
Here is the code I am using for the authentication via oauth
import oauth2 as oauth
import time,certifi
consumer = oauth.Consumer(key="***KeyHere***", secret="***SecretHere***")
client = oauth.Client(consumer)
client.ca_certs = certifi.where()
request_token_url = "https://reportapi.xxx.xxx.com"
resp, content = client.request(request_token_url, "GET")
token = oauth.Token(request_token['oauth_token'], request_token['oauth_token_secret'])
But it gives me the below error all the time:
ssl.SSLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:646)
Would be great if someone could give me guidance on this.
How can i do an oauth authentication for this API, with https calls.
Warm Regards
The error is an SSL verification failure.
certifi has removed 1024-bit CA certs. OpenSSL < 1.0.2 sometimes fail to validate certs which have 2048-bit keys.
Try replacing client.ca_certs = certifi.where() with client.ca_certs = certifi.old_where() to include old 1024-bit key certs.
check https://pypi.python.org/pypi/certifi
In case the problem persists, you have to manually verify server cert using ssl module.
This is how I verify mail.google.com cert.
import ssl
import certifi
ssl.get_server_certificate(('mail.google.com',443),ca_certs=certifi.old_where())
certifi.where() didn't work here for mail.google.com that's why I've used certifi.old_where(). Do this with the server you want to verify. There'll be an SSLError exception in case of failure.