How exactly can Python call a C library? Tensorflow, for example, I believe is written mostly in C, but can be used from Python. I'm thinking of implementing something like this in my own (interpreted) programming language (written in Go, but I assume it would be a similar process).
What happens when a Python program calls a C function? I'm thinking either RPC or DLLs, but both of them seem unlikely.
cPython has two main ways to call C code: either by loading a shared library and calling its symbols, or by packing C code as Python binary modules and then calling them from Python code as though they were ordinary Python modules, which is how high performance stuff in the standard library is implemented - e.g. json.
Loading a shared library and calling functions from it using the ctypes module is rather trivial, and you can find a lot of examples here: https://docs.python.org/3/library/ctypes.html
Packing your C code as binary Python module requires a lot of boilerplate and careful attention to details such as ref counting, null pointers, etc, and is documented here: https://docs.python.org/2/extending/extending.html
There are several libraries that automate the process and generate binding code for you. One example is boost.python: https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_65_0/libs/python/doc/html/tutorial/index.html
I have heard many times that C and Python/Ruby code can be integrated.
Now, my question is, can I use, for example a Python/Ruby ORM from within C?
Yes, but the API would be unlikely to be very nice, especially because the point of an ORM is to return objects and C doesn't have objects, hence making access to the nice OOP API unwieldy.
Even in C++ is would be problematic as the objects would be Python/Ruby objects and the values Python/Ruby objects/values, and you would need to convert back and forth.
You would be better off using a nice database layer especially made for C.
For Ruby, yes, you can by using the Ruby C API. After including ruby.h you can use rb_funcall:
To invoke methods directly, you can use the function below
VALUE rb_funcall(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, ...)
This function invokes a method on the recv, with the method name specified by the symbol mid.
This will allow you to call any Ruby method, and thus use any Ruby code from C. It won’t be pretty, though. There are a lot of good resources in SO’s Ruby C API tag wiki.
I would like to know how to use python to make calls to a C++ library called libwpd to read word perfect files and build python objects from them, but I have no experience with C++ or calling C++ functions from python, and I don't understand how to figure out what the output of these library functions would be. So that's really two questions: 1) how to call C++ functions from python, and 2) how to figure out what the output of these functions would be--namely, the result of the WPDocument::parse function (see http://www.abisource.com/~uwog/libwpd/) and how to use it in my python code. The function appears to return an object WPDResult, but I can't figure out what it does or how I would use it.
I looked into SWIG briefly, and it looks promising. Thoughts?
The Boost.Python library allows easy interoperability between C++ and Python.
The tutorial shows how to wrap C++ functions and classes to use them from Python.
Checkout ctypes. It's part of the standard Python library set. I can't speak to it's use with C++, but I suspect it will work nicely.
I'm writing an application working with plugins. There are two types of plugins: Engine and Model. Engine objects have an update() method that call the Model.velocity() method.
For performance reasons these methods are allowed to be written in C. This means that sometimes they will be written in Python and sometimes written in C.
The problem is that this forces to do an expensive Python function call of Model.velocity() in Engine.update() (and also reacquiring the GIL). I thought about adding something like Model.get_velocity_c_func() to the API, that would allow Model implementations to return a pointer to the C version of their velocity() method if available, making possible for Engine to do a faster C function call.
What data type should I use to pass the function pointer ? And is this a good design at all, maybe there is an easier way ?
The CObject (PyCOBject) data type exists for this purpose. It holds a void*, but you can store any data you wish. You do have to be careful not to pass the wrong CObject to the wrong functions, as some other library's CObjects will look just like your own.
If you want more type security, you could easily roll your own PyType for this; all it has to do, after all, is contain a pointer of the right type.
I have been mulling over writing a peak-fitting library for a while. I know Python fairly well and plan on implementing everything in Python to begin with but envisage that I may have to re-implement some core routines in a compiled language eventually.
IIRC, one of Python's original remits was as a prototyping language, however Python is pretty liberal in allowing functions, functors, objects to be passed to functions and methods, whereas I suspect the same is not true of say C or Fortran.
What should I know about designing functions/classes which I envisage will have to interface into the compiled language? And how much of these potential problems are dealt with by libraries such as cTypes, bgen, SWIG, Boost.Python, Cython or Python SIP?
For this particular use case (a fitting library), I imagine allowing users to define mathematical functions (Guassian, Lorentzian etc.) as Python functions which can then to be passed an interpreted by the compiled code fitting library. Passing and returning arrays is also essential.
Finally a question that I can really put a value answer to :).
I have investigated f2py, boost.python, swig, cython and pyrex for my work (PhD in optical measurement techniques). I used swig extensively, boost.python some and pyrex and cython a lot. I also used ctypes. This is my breakdown:
Disclaimer: This is my personal experience. I am not involved with any of these projects.
swig:
does not play well with c++. It should, but name mangling problems in the linking step was a major headache for me on linux & Mac OS X. If you have C code and want it interfaced to python, it is a good solution. I wrapped the GTS for my needs and needed to write basically a C shared library which I could connect to. I would not recommend it.
Ctypes:
I wrote a libdc1394 (IEEE Camera library) wrapper using ctypes and it was a very straigtforward experience. You can find the code on https://launchpad.net/pydc1394. It is a lot of work to convert headers to python code, but then everything works reliably. This is a good way if you want to interface an external library. Ctypes is also in the stdlib of python, so everyone can use your code right away. This is also a good way to play around with a new lib in python quickly. I can recommend it to interface to external libs.
Boost.Python: Very enjoyable. If you already have C++ code of your own that you want to use in python, go for this. It is very easy to translate c++ class structures into python class structures this way. I recommend it if you have c++ code that you need in python.
Pyrex/Cython: Use Cython, not Pyrex. Period. Cython is more advanced and more enjoyable to use. Nowadays, I do everything with cython that i used to do with SWIG or Ctypes. It is also the best way if you have python code that runs too slow. The process is absolutely fantastic: you convert your python modules into cython modules, build them and keep profiling and optimizing like it still was python (no change of tools needed). You can then apply as much (or as little) C code mixed with your python code. This is by far faster then having to rewrite whole parts of your application in C; you only rewrite the inner loop.
Timings: ctypes has the highest call overhead (~700ns), followed by boost.python (322ns), then directly by swig (290ns). Cython has the lowest call overhead (124ns) and the best feedback where it spends time on (cProfile support!). The numbers are from my box calling a trivial function that returns an integer from an interactive shell; module import overhead is therefore not timed, only function call overhead is. It is therefore easiest and most productive to get python code fast by profiling and using cython.
Summary: For your problem, use Cython ;). I hope this rundown will be useful for some people. I'll gladly answer any remaining question.
Edit: I forget to mention: for numerical purposes (that is, connection to NumPy) use Cython; they have support for it (because they basically develop cython for this purpose). So this should be another +1 for your decision.
I haven't used SWIG or SIP, but I find writing Python wrappers with boost.python to be very powerful and relatively easy to use.
I'm not clear on what your requirements are for passing types between C/C++ and python, but you can do that easily by either exposing a C++ type to python, or by using a generic boost::python::object argument to your C++ API. You can also register converters to automatically convert python types to C++ types and vice versa.
If you plan use boost.python, the tutorial is a good place to start.
I have implemented something somewhat similar to what you need. I have a C++ function that
accepts a python function and an image as arguments, and applies the python function to each pixel in the image.
Image* unary(boost::python::object op, Image& im)
{
Image* out = new Image(im.width(), im.height(), im.channels());
for(unsigned int i=0; i<im.size(); i++)
{
(*out)[i] == extract<float>(op(im[i]));
}
return out;
}
In this case, Image is a C++ object exposed to python (an image with float pixels), and op is a python defined function (or really any python object with a __call__ attribute). You can then use this function as follows (assuming unary is located in the called image that also contains Image and a load function):
import image
im = image.load('somefile.tiff')
double_im = image.unary(lambda x: 2.0*x, im)
As for using arrays with boost, I personally haven't done this, but I know the functionality to expose arrays to python using boost is available - this might be helpful.
The best way to plan for an eventual transition to compiled code is to write the performance sensitive portions as a module of simple functions in a functional style (stateless and without side effects), which accept and return basic data types.
This will provide a one-to-one mapping from your Python prototype code to the eventual compiled code, and will let you use ctypes easily and avoid a whole bunch of headaches.
For peak fitting, you'll almost certainly need to use arrays, which will complicate things a little, but is still very doable with ctypes.
If you really want to use more complicated data structures, or modify the passed arguments, SWIG or Python's standard C-extension interface will let you do what you want, but with some amount of hassle.
For what you're doing, you may also want to check out NumPy, which might do some of the work you would want to push to C, as well as offering some additional help in moving data back and forth between Python and C.
f2py (part of numpy) is a simpler alternative to SWIG and boost.python for wrapping C/Fortran number-crunching code.
In my experience, there are two easy ways to call into C code from Python code. There are other approaches, all of which are more annoying and/or verbose.
The first and easiest is to compile a bunch of C code as a separate shared library and then call functions in that library using ctypes. Unfortunately, passing anything other than basic data types is non-trivial.
The second easiest way is to write a Python module in C and then call functions in that module. You can pass anything you want to these C functions without having to jump through any hoops. And it's easy to call Python functions or methods from these C functions, as described here: https://docs.python.org/extending/extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c
I don't have enough experience with SWIG to offer intelligent commentary. And while it is possible to do things like pass custom Python objects to C functions through ctypes, or to define new Python classes in C, these things are annoying and verbose and I recommend taking one of the two approaches described above.
Python is pretty liberal in allowing functions, functors, objects to be passed to functions and methods, whereas I suspect the same is not true of say C or Fortran.
In C you cannot pass a function as an argument to a function but you can pass a function pointer which is just as good a function.
I don't know how much that would help when you are trying to integrate C and Python code but I just wanted to clear up one misconception.
In addition to the tools above, I can recommend using Pyrex
(for creating Python extension modules) or Psyco (as JIT compiler for Python).