We Keep Coding

Trajectory plalnification

I have a program that generates circles and lines, where the circles can not collide with each other and the lines can not collide with the circles, the problem is that it only draws a line but not the others, it does not mark any error and as much as I think the reason I do not understand why, (I'm new to python, so excuse me if maybe the error is obvious)
I tried to remove the for from my CreaLin class and it does generate the lines but they all collide with the circles, I also thought that the collisionL function could be the problem since the method does not belong as such to the line class, but I need values from the circle class, so I don't know what would be another way to do it, I would like to know a method.
my code:
class CreaCir:
def __init__(self, figs):
self.figs = figs
def update(self):
if len(self.figs) <70:
choca = False
r = randint(5, 104)
x = randint(0, 600 + r)
y = randint(0, 400 + r)
creOne = Circulo(x, y, r)
for fig in (self.figs):
choca = creOne.colisionC(fig)
if choca == True:
break
if choca == False:
self.figs.append(creOne)
def dibujar(self, ventana):
pass
class CreaLin:
def __init__(self, lins):
self.lins = lins
def update(self):
if len(self.lins) <70:
choca = False
x = randint(0, 700)
y = randint(0, 500)
a = randint(0, 700)
b = randint(0, 500)
linOne = Linea(x, y, a, b)
for lin in (self.lins):
choca = linOne.colisionL(lin)
if choca == True:
break
if choca == False:
self.lins.append(linOne)
def dibujar(self, ventana):
pass
class Ventana:
def __init__(self, Ven_Tam= (700, 500)):
pg.init()
self.ven_tam = Ven_Tam
self.ven = pg.display.set_caption("Linea")
self.ven = pg.display.set_mode(self.ven_tam)
self.ven.fill(pg.Color('#404040'))
self.figs = []
self.lins = []
self.reloj = pg.time.Clock()
def check_events(self):
for event in pg.event.get():
if event.type == pg.QUIT or (event.type == pg.KEYDOWN and event.key == pg.K_ESCAPE):
quit()
pg.display.flip()
def run(self):
cirCreater = CreaCir(self.figs)
linCreater = CreaLin(self.lins)
while True:
self.check_events()
cirCreater.update()
linCreater.update()
for fig in self.figs:
fig.dibujar(self.ven)
for lin in self.lins:
lin.dibujar(self.ven)
self.reloj.tick(60)
if __name__ == '__main__':
ven = Ventana()
ven.run()
class Circulo:
class Circulo(PosGeo):
def __init__(self, x, y, r):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.radio = r
self.cx = x+r
self.cy = y+r
def __str__(self):
return f"Circulo, (X: {self.x}, Y: {self.y}), radio: {self.radio}"
def dibujar(self, ventana):
pg.draw.circle(ventana, "white", (self.cx, self.cy), self.radio, 1)
pg.draw.line(ventana, "white", (self.cx+2, self.cy+2),(self.cx-2, self.cy-2))
pg.draw.line(ventana, "white", (self.cx-2, self.cy+2),(self.cx+2, self.cy-2))
def update(self):
pass
def colisionC(self, c2):
return self.radio + c2.radio > sqrt(pow(self.cx - c2.cx, 2) + pow(self.cy - c2.cy, 2))
def colisionL(self, L2):
l0 = [L2.x, L2.y]
l1 = [L2.a, L2.b]
cp = [self.cx, self.cy]
x1 = l0[0] - cp[0]
y1 = l0[1] - cp[1]
x2 = l1[0] - cp[0]
y2 = l1[1] - cp[1]
dx = x2 - x1
dy = y2 - y1
dr = sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy)
D = x1 * y2 - x2 * y1
discriminant = self.radio*self.radio*dr*dr - D*D
if discriminant < 0:
return False
else:
return True`
and finally my class line:
class Linea(PosGeo):
def __init__(self, x, y, a, b):
super().__init__(x, y)
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.a = a
self.b = b
def dibujar(self, ventana):
pg.draw.line(ventana, "#7B0000", (self.x, self.y), (self.a, self.b))
def update(self):
pass
def colisionL(self, l1):
pass
Result:

You need to implement the colisionC and colisionL methods in Linea and Circulo. See Problem with calculating line intersections for the line-line intersection algorithm. When checking for collisions between lines and circles, in addition to checking for collisions between circles and endless lines, you must also consider the beginning and end of the line segment:
class Linea:
# [...]
def colisionC(self, c2):
return c2.colisionL(self)
def colisionL(self, l1):
return Linea.intersect_line_line((self.x, self.y), (self.a, self.b), (l1.x, l1.y), (l1.a, l1.b))
def intersect_line_line(P0, P1, Q0, Q1):
d = (P1[0]-P0[0]) * (Q1[1]-Q0[1]) + (P1[1]-P0[1]) * (Q0[0]-Q1[0])
if d == 0:
return None
t = ((Q0[0]-P0[0]) * (Q1[1]-Q0[1]) + (Q0[1]-P0[1]) * (Q0[0]-Q1[0])) / d
u = ((Q0[0]-P0[0]) * (P1[1]-P0[1]) + (Q0[1]-P0[1]) * (P0[0]-P1[0])) / d
if 0 <= t <= 1 and 0 <= u <= 1:
return P1[0] * t + P0[0] * (1-t), P1[1] * t + P0[1] * (1-t)
return None
class Circulo
# [...]
def colisionC(self, c2):
return self.radio + c2.radio > sqrt(pow(self.cx - c2.cx, 2) + pow(self.cy - c2.cy, 2))
def colisionL(self, L2):
l0 = [L2.x, L2.y]
l1 = [L2.a, L2.b]
cp = [self.cx, self.cy]
x1 = l0[0] - cp[0]
y1 = l0[1] - cp[1]
x2 = l1[0] - cp[0]
y2 = l1[1] - cp[1]
if sqrt(x1*x1+y1*y1) < self.radio or sqrt(x2*x2+y2*y2) < self.radio:
return True
dx = x2 - x1
dy = y2 - y1
dr = sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy)
D = x1 * y2 - x2 * y1
discriminant = self.radio*self.radio*dr*dr - D*D
if discriminant < 0:
return False
sign = lambda x: -1 if x < 0 else 1
xa = (D * dy + sign(dy) * dx * sqrt(discriminant)) / (dr * dr)
xb = (D * dy - sign(dy) * dx * sqrt(discriminant)) / (dr * dr)
ya = (-D * dx + abs(dy) * sqrt(discriminant)) / (dr * dr)
yb = (-D * dx - abs(dy) * sqrt(discriminant)) / (dr * dr)
ta = (xa-x1)*dx/dr + (ya-y1)*dy/dr
tb = (xb-x1)*dx/dr + (yb-y1)*dy/dr
return 0 < ta < dr or 0 < tb < dr
Put all objects into one container. Before you add a new Linea you have to check if the new "Line" intersects another object with "ColisionL". Before you add a new Circulo, you must check if the new "Line" intersects another object with CollisionC:
class CreaObjects:
def __init__(self, figs):
self.figs = figs
self.no_lines = 0
self.no_circles = 0
def update(self):
if self.no_circles <70:
r = randint(5, 104)
creOne = Circulo(randint(0, 600 - 2*r), randint(0, 400 - 2*r), r)
if not any(fig.colisionC(creOne) for fig in self.figs):
self.figs.append(creOne)
self.no_circles += 1
if self.no_lines <70:
linOne = Linea(randint(0, 700), randint(0, 500), randint(0, 700), randint(0, 500))
if not any(fig.colisionL(linOne) for fig in self.figs):
self.figs.append(linOne)
self.no_lines += 1
Complete example:
import pygame as pg
from random import randint
from math import sqrt, hypot
class Linea:
def __init__(self, x, y, a, b):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.a = a
self.b = b
def dibujar(self, ventana):
pg.draw.line(ventana, "#7B0000", (self.x, self.y), (self.a, self.b))
def update(self):
pass
def colisionC(self, c2):
return c2.colisionL(self)
def colisionL(self, l1):
return Linea.intersect_line_line((self.x, self.y), (self.a, self.b), (l1.x, l1.y), (l1.a, l1.b))
def intersect_line_line(P0, P1, Q0, Q1):
d = (P1[0]-P0[0]) * (Q1[1]-Q0[1]) + (P1[1]-P0[1]) * (Q0[0]-Q1[0])
if d == 0:
return None
t = ((Q0[0]-P0[0]) * (Q1[1]-Q0[1]) + (Q0[1]-P0[1]) * (Q0[0]-Q1[0])) / d
u = ((Q0[0]-P0[0]) * (P1[1]-P0[1]) + (Q0[1]-P0[1]) * (P0[0]-P1[0])) / d
if 0 <= t <= 1 and 0 <= u <= 1:
return P1[0] * t + P0[0] * (1-t), P1[1] * t + P0[1] * (1-t)
return None
class Circulo:
def __init__(self, x, y, r):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.radio = r
self.cx = x+r
self.cy = y+r
def __str__(self):
return f"Circulo, (X: {self.x}, Y: {self.y}), radio: {self.radio}"
def dibujar(self, ventana):
pg.draw.circle(ventana, "white", (self.cx, self.cy), self.radio, 1)
pg.draw.line(ventana, "white", (self.cx+2, self.cy+2),(self.cx-2, self.cy-2))
pg.draw.line(ventana, "white", (self.cx-2, self.cy+2),(self.cx+2, self.cy-2))
def update(self):
pass
def colisionC(self, c2):
return self.radio + c2.radio > sqrt(pow(self.cx - c2.cx, 2) + pow(self.cy - c2.cy, 2))
def colisionL(self, L2):
l0 = [L2.x, L2.y]
l1 = [L2.a, L2.b]
cp = [self.cx, self.cy]
x1 = l0[0] - cp[0]
y1 = l0[1] - cp[1]
x2 = l1[0] - cp[0]
y2 = l1[1] - cp[1]
if sqrt(x1*x1+y1*y1) < self.radio or sqrt(x2*x2+y2*y2) < self.radio:
return True
dx = x2 - x1
dy = y2 - y1
dr = sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy)
D = x1 * y2 - x2 * y1
discriminant = self.radio*self.radio*dr*dr - D*D
if discriminant < 0:
return False
sign = lambda x: -1 if x < 0 else 1
xa = (D * dy + sign(dy) * dx * sqrt(discriminant)) / (dr * dr)
xb = (D * dy - sign(dy) * dx * sqrt(discriminant)) / (dr * dr)
ya = (-D * dx + abs(dy) * sqrt(discriminant)) / (dr * dr)
yb = (-D * dx - abs(dy) * sqrt(discriminant)) / (dr * dr)
ta = (xa-x1)*dx/dr + (ya-y1)*dy/dr
tb = (xb-x1)*dx/dr + (yb-y1)*dy/dr
return 0 < ta < dr or 0 < tb < dr
class CreaObjects:
def __init__(self, figs):
self.figs = figs
self.no_lines = 0
self.no_circles = 0
def update(self):
if self.no_circles <70:
r = randint(5, 104)
creOne = Circulo(randint(0, 600 - 2*r), randint(0, 400 - 2*r), r)
if not any(fig.colisionC(creOne) for fig in self.figs):
self.figs.append(creOne)
self.no_circles += 1
if self.no_lines <70:
linOne = Linea(randint(0, 700), randint(0, 500), randint(0, 700), randint(0, 500))
if not any(fig.colisionL(linOne) for fig in self.figs):
self.figs.append(linOne)
self.no_lines += 1
class Ventana:
def __init__(self, Ven_Tam= (700, 500)):
pg.init()
self.ven_tam = Ven_Tam
self.ven = pg.display.set_caption("Linea")
self.ven = pg.display.set_mode(self.ven_tam)
self.figs = []
self.reloj = pg.time.Clock()
def check_events(self):
for event in pg.event.get():
if event.type == pg.QUIT or (event.type == pg.KEYDOWN and event.key == pg.K_ESCAPE):
quit()
def run(self):
cirCreater = CreaObjects(self.figs)
while True:
self.check_events()
cirCreater.update()
self.ven.fill(pg.Color('#404040'))
for fig in self.figs:
fig.dibujar(self.ven)
pg.display.flip()
self.reloj.tick(60)
if __name__ == '__main__':
ven = Ventana()
ven.run()

how can I get better performance here?

I am working on a project to visualize the game of life and it's different variations.
Smoothlife is the most complicated, I am not quit sure if I am doing it 100% right, but however any suggestions to increase the performance here??
what about FFT and kernel convolution any one who knows the proper way to create the kernel??
attaching a link to the article of smooth life
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1111.1567.pdf
here's a version implemented by Sean Murhpy, but can't really get my head around the math.
https://github.com/duckythescientist/SmoothLife
from cmath import sqrt
from concurrent.futures import thread
import os
import numpy as np
import threading
from turtle import shape
class SmoothL:
def __init__(self,width, height, inner_radius=2, outer_radius=10):
self.width = width
self.height = height
self.inner = inner_radius
self.outer = outer_radius
self.game_field = np.zeros(shape=(self.width, self.height))
self.game_field_next = np.zeros(shape=(self.width, self.height))
self.inner_neigh = np.zeros(shape=(self.width, self.height))
self.outer_neigh = np.zeros(shape=(self.width, self.height))
self.b1 = 0.278
self.b2 = 0.365
self.d1 = 0.267
self.d2 = 0.445
self.n = 0.032
self.m = 0.2
def create_cells(self, new_cells, age):
for i in range(new_cells):
x = np.random.randint(0, self.width - self.outer)
y = np.random.randint(0, self.height - self.outer)
self.game_field[x:x + self.outer, y:y + self.outer] = age
def sigmaoid_1(self, x, a):
return 1.0 / (1.0 + np.exp(-4.0 * (x - a) / self.m))
def sigmaoid_2(self, x, a, b):
return self.sigmaoid_1(x, a) * (1.0 - self.sigmaoid_1(x, b))
def sigmaoid_m(self, x, y, m):
return x * (1.0-self.sigmaoid_1(m, 0.5)) + y * self.sigmaoid_1(m, 0.5)
def sigmaoid_s(self, n, m):
return self.sigmaoid_2(n, self.sigmaoid_m(self.b1, self.d1, m), self.sigmaoid_m(self.b2, self.d2, m))
def get_neighbours(self,x,y):
sum_outer = 0
count_outer = 0
sum_inner= 0
count_inner = 0
for k in range(-self.outer,self.outer+1):
for h in range(-self.outer,self.outer+1):
if 0<=x+k<self.width and 0<=y+h<self.height:
data=self.game_field[x+k][y+h]
if (float)(np.sqrt(k**2 + h**2))<=self.outer:
count_inner+=1
sum_inner+=data
if (float)(np.sqrt(k**2 + h**2))>self.inner:
count_outer+=1
sum_outer+=data
self.game_field_next[x][y]=np.clip(self.sigmaoid_s(sum_outer/count_outer,sum_inner/count_inner),0,1)
def iterate_all(self,min_x,max_x,min_y,max_y):
for i in range(min_x,max_x+1):
for j in range(min_y,max_y+1):
self.get_neighbours(i,j)
def result(self,min_x,max_x,min_y,max_y):
for i in range(min_x,max_x+1):
for j in range(min_y,max_y+1):
self.game_field[i][j]
def next(self):
threads= []
y_range=(int)(self.height/10)
min_y=0
max_y=y_range-1
x_range=(int)(self.width/10)
min_x=0
max_x=x_range-1
for _ in range(10):
min_y=0
max_y=y_range-1
for _ in range(10):
t=threading.Thread(target=self.iterate_all,args=[min_x,max_x,min_y,max_y])
t.start()
threads.append(t)
min_y+=y_range
max_y+=y_range
min_x+=x_range
max_x+=x_range
for thread in threads:
thread.join()
threads.clear()
self.game_field=self.game_field_next
return self.game_field

Is there a good way to speed up raytracing in Python?

I've been following the Raytracing in one weekend tutorial series (which is coded in C++), but I've run into a problem. I know Python is not really the language for raytracing, and it shows. Rendering 4 spheres with 100 samples per pixel at 600x300px with multithreading took a little over an quarter of an hour.
I figured that multithreading wasn't really doing anything. I needed multiprocessing. I tried to implement it, but it gave me the error that pygame.Surface wasn't serializable. Is there a solution for this, or maybe even a better way of implementing this? Or is the best way forward to recreate this in C#/C++?
The render:
Multithreaded code:
vec3.py
import math
import random
class vec3:
def __init__(self, x, y, z):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.z = z
def __add__(self, other):
return vec3(
self.x + other.x,
self.y + other.y,
self.z + other.z
)
def __sub__(self, other):
return vec3(
self.x - other.x,
self.y - other.y,
self.z - other.z
)
def __mul__(self, val):
if type(val) == vec3:
return vec3(
self.x * val.x,
self.y * val.y,
self.z * val.z
)
else:
return vec3(
self.x * val,
self.y * val,
self.z * val
)
def __truediv__(self, val):
return vec3(
self.x / val,
self.y / val,
self.z / val
)
def __pow__(self, pow):
return vec3(
self.x ** pow,
self.y ** pow,
self.z ** pow
)
def __rshift__(self, val):
return vec3(
self.x >> val,
self.y >> val,
self.z >> val
)
def __repr__(self):
return "vec3({}, {}, {})".format(self.x, self.y, self.z)
def __str__(self):
return "({}, {}, {})".format(self.x, self.y, self.z)
def dot(self, other):
return (
self.x * other.x +
self.y * other.y +
self.z * other.z
)
def cross(self, other):
return vec3(
(self.y * other.z) - (self.z * other.y),
-(self.x * other.z) - (self.z * other.x),
(self.x * other.y) - (self.y * other.x)
)
def length(self):
return math.sqrt(
(self.x ** 2) +
(self.y ** 2) +
(self.z ** 2)
)
def squared_length(self):
return (
(self.x ** 2) +
(self.y ** 2) +
(self.z ** 2))
def make_unit_vector(self):
return self / (self.length() + 0.0001)
def reflect(self, normal):
return self - normal * (self.dot(normal) * 2)
Raytracing.py
import uuid
import math
import pygame
from random import random
from vec3 import vec3
from threading import Thread
#import time
imprecision = 0.00000001
mindist = 0.001
maxdist = 999999999
class Material:
def random_in_unit_sphere():
p = vec3(random(), random(), random())*2 - vec3(1, 1, 1)
while p.squared_length() >= 1:
p = vec3(random(), random(), random())*2 - vec3(1, 1, 1)
return p
class Matte:
def __init__(self, albedo):
self.albedo = albedo
def scatter(self, ray, rec, scattered):
target = rec.p + rec.normal + Material.random_in_unit_sphere()
scattered.origin = rec.p
scattered.direction = target - rec.p
return True, self.albedo
class Metal:
def __init__(self, albedo, fuzz = 0):
self.albedo = albedo
self.fuzz = fuzz
def scatter(self, ray, rec, scattered):
reflected = ray.direction.make_unit_vector().reflect(rec.normal)
scattered.origin = rec.p
scattered.direction = reflected + (Material.random_in_unit_sphere() * self.fuzz)
return (scattered.direction.dot(rec.normal) > 0), self.albedo
class Transparent:
def __init__(self, refractive_index):
self.ri = refractive_index
def refract(self, v, normal, ni_over_nt):
uv = v.make_unit_vector()
dt = uv.dot(normal)
discriminant = 1 - (ni_over_nt * ni_over_nt * (1-dt*dt))
if discriminant > 0:
refracted = (uv - normal*dt) * ni_over_nt - (normal * math.sqrt(discriminant))
return True, refracted
else:
return False, None
def scatter(self, ray, rec, scattered):
reflected = ray.direction.reflect(rec.normal)
if ray.direction.dot(rec.normal) > 0:
outward_normal = 0 - rec.normal
ni_over_nt = self.ri
else:
outward_normal = rec.normal
ni_over_nt = 1 / self.ri
refracted = self.refract(ray.direction, outward_normal, ni_over_nt)
return bool(refracted[0]), vec3(1, 1, 1)
class Object:
class Sphere:
def __init__(self, pos, r, material=Material.Matte(0.5)):
self.center = pos
self.r = r
self.material = material
def hit(self, ray, t_min, t_max, rec):
oc = ray.origin - self.center
a = ray.direction.dot(ray.direction)
b = oc.dot(ray.direction)
c = oc.dot(oc) - (self.r * self.r)
discriminant = (b*b) - (a*c)
if discriminant < 0:
return False
else:
t = (-b - math.sqrt(discriminant)) / (a + imprecision)
if (t_min < t < t_max):
rec.t = t
rec.p = ray.point_at_parameter(t)
rec.normal = (rec.p - self.center) / self.r
rec.material = self.material
return True
t = (-b + math.sqrt(discriminant)) / (a + imprecision)
if (t_min < t < t_max):
rec.t = t
rec.p = ray.point_at_parameter(t)
rec.normal = (rec.p - self.center) / self.r
rec.material = self.material
return True
class Scene:
def genUUID(self):
id = uuid.uuid4()
while id in self.objects.keys():
id = uuid.uuid4()
return id
def __init__(self):
self.objects = {}
def add(self, object):
id = self.genUUID()
self.objects[id] = object
return id
def hit(self, ray, t_min, t_max, hit_record):
tmp_hit_record = Camera.HitRec()
hit_any = False
closest = maxdist
for object in self.objects.keys():
if self.objects[object].hit(ray, t_min, closest, tmp_hit_record):
hit_any = True
closest = tmp_hit_record.t
hit_record.t = tmp_hit_record.t
hit_record.p = tmp_hit_record.p
hit_record.normal = tmp_hit_record.normal
hit_record.material = tmp_hit_record.material
return hit_any
class Camera:
class Ray:
def __init__(self, A, B):
self.origin = A
self.direction = B
def point_at_parameter(self, t):
return self.origin + (self.direction * t)
class HitRec:
def __init__(self):
self.t = 0
self.p = vec3(0, 0, 0)
self.normal = vec3(0, 0, 0)
def __init__(self, w, screen, scene = Scene(), screen_ratio = 16/9, focal_length = 1):
self.w = w
self.h = int(w / screen_ratio)
self.screen = screen
self.scene = scene
self.screen_ratio = screen_ratio
self.screen_unit_width = 4
self.focal_length = focal_length
self.sampels_per_pixel = 1
self.max_hit_depth = 5
self.max_block_size = 100
# self.depthT = pygame.Surface((w, self.h))
self.origin = vec3(0, 0, 0)
self.horizontal = vec3(self.screen_unit_width, 0, 0)
self.vertical = vec3(0, (-self.screen_unit_width / self.screen_ratio), 0)
self.top_left_corner = \
self.origin - (self.horizontal/2) - (self.vertical/2) - vec3(0, 0, self.focal_length)
def color(self, ray, depth=0):
# Check for sphere hit
rec = self.HitRec()
if self.scene.hit(ray, mindist, maxdist, rec):
scattered = self.Ray(vec3(0, 0, 0), vec3(0, 0, 0))
hit = rec.material.scatter(ray, rec, scattered) # Scattered is the output ray
if depth < self.max_hit_depth and hit[0]:
return self.color(scattered, depth + 1) * hit[1]
else:
return hit[1]
# target = rec.p + rec.normal + self.random_in_unit_sphere()
# return self.color(self.Ray(rec.p, target - rec.p)) * 0.5
## return vec3(rec.normal.x + 1, rec.normal.y + 1, rec.normal.z + 1) * 0.5, rec.t
# Background if nothing's hit
unit_dir = ray.direction.make_unit_vector()
t = 0.5 * (unit_dir.y + 1)
return (vec3(1, 1, 1) * (1 - t)) + (vec3(0.5, 0.7, 1) * t)#, maxdist
def getRay(self, u, v):
return self.Ray(
self.origin,
self.top_left_corner + (self.horizontal * (u + imprecision)) + (self.vertical * (v + imprecision))
)
def renderSquare(self, xoff, yoff, w, h):
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, (255, 255, 255), (xoff, yoff, w, h))
pygame.display.update()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
col = vec3(0, 0, 0)
for n in range(self.sampels_per_pixel):
u = (x + xoff + random()-0.5) / self.w
v = (y + yoff + random()-0.5) / self.h
r = self.getRay(u, v)
col += (self.color(r) / self.sampels_per_pixel)
col = vec3(math.sqrt(col.x), math.sqrt(col.y), math.sqrt(col.z))
self.screen.set_at((x + xoff, y + yoff), (col.x * 255, col.y * 255, col.z * 255))
pygame.display.update()
def render(self):
blocks = []
for i in range(math.ceil(self.w / self.max_block_size)):
for j in range(math.ceil(self.h / self.max_block_size)):
blocks.append(Thread( target = self.renderSquare, args=(
i * self.max_block_size,
j * self.max_block_size,
self.max_block_size,
self.max_block_size
)))
for job in blocks:
job.start()
for job in blocks:
job.join()
if __name__ == '__main__':
from Raytracing import Camera, Scene, Object
import pygame
pygame.init()
WIDTH, HEIGHT = 600, 300
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH, HEIGHT))
pygame.display.set_caption('Multithreaded raytracer')
scene = Scene()
scene.add(Object.Sphere(vec3( 0, 0, -1), 0.5, Material.Matte(vec3(0, 0.3, 0.8))))
scene.add(Object.Sphere(vec3(-1, 0, -1), 0.5, Material.Metal(vec3(0.8, 0.8, 0.8), 0.1)))
scene.add(Object.Sphere(vec3( 1, 0, -1), 0.5, Material.Metal(vec3(0.8, 0.6, 0.2), 1)))
scene.add(Object.Sphere(vec3(0, -100.5, -1), 100, Material.Matte(vec3(0.8, 0.8, 0))))
tracer = Camera(WIDTH, screen, scene, screen_ratio=2 / 1)
# tracer.render()
tracer.sampels_per_pixel = 100
tracer.render()
loop = True
while loop:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type==pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_ESCAPE:
loop = False
if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
loop = False
pygame.display.update()
pygame.quit()

Qt callout example with more than one y axis

I have a QChart from the Callout example of PySide6. Now I have rewritten some of the code for my project, but when I hover over a `QLineSeries' the callout appears higher or lower than where I am actually pointing.
Here is some code:
The Callout class (Almost the same as in the example)
class Callout(QGraphicsItem):
def __init__(self, chart):
QGraphicsItem.__init__(self, chart)
self.chart = chart
self._text = ""
self._textRect = QRectF()
self._anchor = QPointF()
self._font = QFont()
self._rect = QRectF()
def boundingRect(self):
anchor = self.mapFromParent(self.chart.mapToPosition(self._anchor))
rect = QRectF()
rect.setLeft(min(self._rect.left(), anchor.x()))
rect.setRight(max(self._rect.right(), anchor.x()))
rect.setTop(min(self._rect.top(), anchor.y()))
rect.setBottom(max(self._rect.bottom(), anchor.y()))
return rect
def paint(self, painter, option, widget):
path = QPainterPath()
path.addRoundedRect(self._rect, 5, 5)
anchor = self.mapFromParent(self.chart.mapToPosition(self._anchor))
if not self._rect.contains(anchor) and not self._anchor.isNull():
point1 = QPointF()
point2 = QPointF()
# establish the position of the anchor point in relation to _rect
above = anchor.y() <= self._rect.top()
above_center = (anchor.y() > self._rect.top() and
anchor.y() <= self._rect.center().y())
below_center = (anchor.y() > self._rect.center().y() and
anchor.y() <= self._rect.bottom())
below = anchor.y() > self._rect.bottom()
on_left = anchor.x() <= self._rect.left()
left_of_center = (anchor.x() > self._rect.left() and
anchor.x() <= self._rect.center().x())
right_of_center = (anchor.x() > self._rect.center().x() and
anchor.x() <= self._rect.right())
on_right = anchor.x() > self._rect.right()
# get the nearest _rect corner.
x = (on_right + right_of_center) * self._rect.width()
y = (below + below_center) * self._rect.height()
corner_case = ((above and on_left) or (above and on_right) or
(below and on_left) or (below and on_right))
vertical = abs(anchor.x() - x) > abs(anchor.y() - y)
x1 = (x + left_of_center * 10 - right_of_center * 20 + corner_case *
int(not vertical) * (on_left * 10 - on_right * 20))
y1 = (y + above_center * 10 - below_center * 20 + corner_case *
vertical * (above * 10 - below * 20))
point1.setX(x1)
point1.setY(y1)
x2 = (x + left_of_center * 20 - right_of_center * 10 + corner_case *
int(not vertical) * (on_left * 20 - on_right * 10))
y2 = (y + above_center * 20 - below_center * 10 + corner_case *
vertical * (above * 20 - below * 10))
point2.setX(x2)
point2.setY(y2)
path.moveTo(point1)
path.lineTo(anchor)
path.lineTo(point2)
path = path.simplified()
painter.setBrush(QColor(255, 255, 255))
painter.drawPath(path)
painter.drawText(self._textRect, self._text)
def mousePressEvent(self, event):
if event.button() == Qt.RightButton:
self.removecallout()
event.setAccepted(True)
def mouseMoveEvent(self, event):
if event.buttons() & Qt.LeftButton:
self.setPos(self.mapToParent(
event.pos() - event.buttonDownPos(Qt.LeftButton)))
event.setAccepted(True)
else:
event.setAccepted(False)
def set_text(self, text):
self._text = text
metrics = QFontMetrics(self._font)
self._textRect = QRectF(metrics.boundingRect(
QRect(0.0, 0.0, 150.0, 150.0), Qt.AlignLeft, self._text))
self._textRect.translate(5, 5)
self.prepareGeometryChange()
self._rect = self._textRect.adjusted(-5, -5, 5, 5)
def set_anchor(self, point):
self._anchor = QPointF(point)
def update_geometry(self):
self.prepareGeometryChange()
self.setPos(self.chart.mapToPosition(
self._anchor) + QPointF(10, -50))
def removecallout(self):
self.hide()
The Class which produces the chart:
class CreateChart(QChartView):
def __init__(self, data):
super().__init__()
self.serieses = self.getserieses(data)
i = 0
self.chart = QChart()
self.buddy = None
self.chart.legend().setVisible(False)
xaxis = QValueAxis()
xaxis.setTitleText("Time")
self.chart.addAxis(xaxis, Qt.AlignBottom)
for key in self.serieses.keys():
if i >= 100:
break
else:
self.serieses[key].setName(key)
self.chart.addSeries(self.serieses[key])
self.serieses[key].hovered.connect(self.tooltip) #The connections for the temporary callout of the coordinates
self.serieses[key].clicked.connect(self.keep_callout) #The connection for the permanent callout of the coordinates
axis = QValueAxis()
axis.setTitleText(key)
axis.setTitleBrush(self.serieses[key].color())
self.chart.addAxis(axis, Qt.AlignLeft if ((i % 2) == 0) else Qt.AlignRight)
self.serieses[key].attachAxis(axis)
self.serieses[key].attachAxis(xaxis)
i += 1
print("Finished Loading")
self.chart.legend().setMarkerShape(QLegend.MarkerShapeFromSeries)
self.chart_view = super()
self.chart_view.setRenderHint(QPainter.Antialiasing)
self.chart_view.setChart(self.chart)
#self.chart_view.setMaximumWidth(300)
#QGraphicsView.RubberbandDrag = Selecting an area which can be retrieved by **Your QChartView**.rubberBandRect()
self.chart_view.setDragMode(QGraphicsView.RubberBandDrag)
self.chart_view.setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(Qt.ScrollBarAlwaysOff) #Don't need these, as they don't move the Graph. but the whole window
self.chart_view.setHorizontalScrollBarPolicy(Qt.ScrollBarAlwaysOff) # ^
self.chart.setFocusPolicy(Qt.NoFocus)
self._tooltip = Callout(self.chart)
self._callouts = []
self.setMouseTracking(True) #Must be on
def tooltip(self, point, state):
#point = self.Mouse
if self._tooltip == 0:
self._tooltip = Callout(self._chart)
if state:
x = point.x()
y = point.y()
self._tooltip.set_text(f"X: {x:.1f} \nY: {y:.1f} ")
self._tooltip.set_anchor(point)
self._tooltip.setZValue(11)
self._tooltip.update_geometry()
self._tooltip.show()
else:
self._tooltip.hide()
def keep_callout(self):
self._callouts.append(self._tooltip)
self._tooltip = Callout(self.chart)
Now when I execute this the callouts appear perfect on one series, but on all the others the callouts appear above or below where my mouse is actually located, as the callout gets drawn on a different axis than the series is

Showing tooltip in a Qt chart with multiple y axes
Answer to this question could be found here in C++, answered by eyllanesc.
Here is a PySide6 version of the answer.
"""PySide6 port of the Callout example from Qt v5.x"""
import sys
from PySide6.QtWidgets import (QApplication, QGraphicsScene,
QGraphicsView, QGraphicsSimpleTextItem, QGraphicsItem)
from PySide6.QtCore import Qt, QPointF, QRectF, QRect
from PySide6.QtCharts import QChart, QChartView, QLineSeries, QSplineSeries, QValueAxis
from PySide6.QtGui import QPainter, QFont, QFontMetrics, QPainterPath, QColor
class Callout(QGraphicsItem):
def __init__(self, chart, series):
QGraphicsItem.__init__(self, chart)
self._chart = chart
self._series = series
self._text = ""
self._textRect = QRectF()
self._anchor = QPointF()
self._font = QFont()
self._rect = QRectF()
def boundingRect(self):
anchor = self.mapFromParent(
self._chart.mapToPosition(self._anchor, self._series))
rect = QRectF()
rect.setLeft(min(self._rect.left(), anchor.x()))
rect.setRight(max(self._rect.right(), anchor.x()))
rect.setTop(min(self._rect.top(), anchor.y()))
rect.setBottom(max(self._rect.bottom(), anchor.y()))
return rect
def paint(self, painter, option, widget):
path = QPainterPath()
path.addRoundedRect(self._rect, 5, 5)
anchor = self.mapFromParent(
self._chart.mapToPosition(self._anchor, self._series))
if not self._rect.contains(anchor) and not self._anchor.isNull():
point1 = QPointF()
point2 = QPointF()
# establish the position of the anchor point in relation to _rect
above = anchor.y() <= self._rect.top()
above_center = (anchor.y() > self._rect.top() and
anchor.y() <= self._rect.center().y())
below_center = (anchor.y() > self._rect.center().y() and
anchor.y() <= self._rect.bottom())
below = anchor.y() > self._rect.bottom()
on_left = anchor.x() <= self._rect.left()
left_of_center = (anchor.x() > self._rect.left() and
anchor.x() <= self._rect.center().x())
right_of_center = (anchor.x() > self._rect.center().x() and
anchor.x() <= self._rect.right())
on_right = anchor.x() > self._rect.right()
# get the nearest _rect corner.
x = (on_right + right_of_center) * self._rect.width()
y = (below + below_center) * self._rect.height()
corner_case = ((above and on_left) or (above and on_right) or
(below and on_left) or (below and on_right))
vertical = abs(anchor.x() - x) > abs(anchor.y() - y)
x1 = (x + left_of_center * 10 - right_of_center * 20 + corner_case *
int(not vertical) * (on_left * 10 - on_right * 20))
y1 = (y + above_center * 10 - below_center * 20 + corner_case *
vertical * (above * 10 - below * 20))
point1.setX(x1)
point1.setY(y1)
x2 = (x + left_of_center * 20 - right_of_center * 10 + corner_case *
int(not vertical) * (on_left * 20 - on_right * 10))
y2 = (y + above_center * 20 - below_center * 10 + corner_case *
vertical * (above * 20 - below * 10))
point2.setX(x2)
point2.setY(y2)
path.moveTo(point1)
path.lineTo(anchor)
path.lineTo(point2)
path = path.simplified()
painter.setBrush(QColor(255, 255, 255))
painter.drawPath(path)
painter.drawText(self._textRect, self._text)
def mousePressEvent(self, event):
event.setAccepted(True)
def mouseMoveEvent(self, event):
if event.buttons() & Qt.LeftButton:
self.setPos(self.mapToParent(
event.pos() - event.buttonDownPos(Qt.LeftButton)))
event.setAccepted(True)
else:
event.setAccepted(False)
def set_text(self, text):
self._text = text
metrics = QFontMetrics(self._font)
self._textRect = QRectF(metrics.boundingRect(
QRect(0.0, 0.0, 150.0, 150.0), Qt.AlignLeft, self._text))
self._textRect.translate(5, 5)
self.prepareGeometryChange()
self._rect = self._textRect.adjusted(-5, -5, 5, 5)
def set_anchor(self, point):
self._anchor = QPointF(point)
def update_geometry(self):
self.prepareGeometryChange()
self.setPos(self._chart.mapToPosition(
self._anchor, self._series) + QPointF(10, -50))
def setSeries(self, series):
self._series = series
class View(QChartView):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super().__init__(parent)
self.setScene(QGraphicsScene(self))
self.setDragMode(QGraphicsView.RubberBandDrag)
self.setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(Qt.ScrollBarAlwaysOff)
self.setHorizontalScrollBarPolicy(Qt.ScrollBarAlwaysOff)
# Chart
self._chart = QChart()
self._chart.setMinimumSize(640, 480)
self._chart.setTitle("Hover the line to show callout. Click the line "
"to make it stay")
self._chart.legend().hide()
self.series = QLineSeries()
self.series.append(1, 3)
self.series.append(4, 5)
self.series.append(5, 4.5)
self.series.append(7, 1)
self.series.append(11, 2)
self._chart.addSeries(self.series)
self.series2 = QSplineSeries()
self.series2.append(1.6, 1.4)
self.series2.append(2.4, 3.5)
self.series2.append(3.7, 2.5)
self.series2.append(7, 4)
self.series2.append(10, 2)
self._chart.addSeries(self.series2)
xaxis = QValueAxis()
xaxis.setTitleText("X")
self._chart.addAxis(xaxis, Qt.AlignBottom)
yaxis = QValueAxis()
yaxis.setTitleText("YR")
self._chart.addAxis(yaxis, Qt.AlignRight)
y2axis = QValueAxis()
y2axis.setTitleText("YL")
self._chart.addAxis(y2axis, Qt.AlignLeft)
self.series.attachAxis(xaxis)
self.series.attachAxis(y2axis)
self.series2.attachAxis(xaxis)
self.series2.attachAxis(yaxis)
self._chart.setAcceptHoverEvents(True)
self.setRenderHint(QPainter.Antialiasing)
self.scene().addItem(self._chart)
self._coordX = QGraphicsSimpleTextItem(self._chart)
self._coordX.setPos(
self._chart.size().width() / 2 - 50, self._chart.size().height())
self._coordX.setText("X: ")
self._coordY = QGraphicsSimpleTextItem(self._chart)
self._coordY.setPos(
self._chart.size().width() / 2 + 50, self._chart.size().height())
self._coordY.setText("Y: ")
self._callouts = []
self._tooltip = Callout(self._chart, self.series)
self.series.clicked.connect(self.keep_callout)
self.series.hovered.connect(self.tooltip)
self.series2.clicked.connect(self.keep_callout)
self.series2.hovered.connect(self.tooltip)
self.setMouseTracking(True)
def resizeEvent(self, event):
if self.scene():
self.scene().setSceneRect(QRectF(QPointF(0, 0), event.size()))
self._chart.resize(event.size())
self._coordX.setPos(
self._chart.size().width() / 2 - 50,
self._chart.size().height() - 20)
self._coordY.setPos(
self._chart.size().width() / 2 + 50,
self._chart.size().height() - 20)
for callout in self._callouts:
callout.update_geometry()
QGraphicsView.resizeEvent(self, event)
def mouseMoveEvent(self, event):
pos = self._chart.mapToValue(event.pos())
x = pos.x()
y = pos.y()
self._coordX.setText(f"X: {x:.2f}")
self._coordY.setText(f"Y: {y:.2f}")
QGraphicsView.mouseMoveEvent(self, event)
def keep_callout(self):
series = self.sender()
self._callouts.append(self._tooltip)
self._tooltip = Callout(self._chart, series)
def tooltip(self, point, state):
series = self.sender()
if self._tooltip == 0:
self._tooltip = Callout(self._chart, series)
if state:
x = point.x()
y = point.y()
self._tooltip.setSeries(series)
self._tooltip.set_text(f"X: {x:.2f} \nY: {y:.2f} ")
self._tooltip.set_anchor(point)
self._tooltip.setZValue(11)
self._tooltip.update_geometry()
self._tooltip.show()
else:
self._tooltip.hide()
if __name__ == "__main__":
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
v = View()
v.show()
sys.exit(app.exec())

Stellar chart with Python

I came across this article. I wonder if it is possible to make a stellar chart with Python? (see picture).
I have had a look at the matplotlib and seaborn galleries, but apparently they do not have any built in function to create such a chart (neither radar charts).
Is there any way to draw a chart like this easily using Python?

Following is a rendition of a StellarChart, as per your specifications.
It is derived from a SpiderChart (a RadarChart) build with tkinter to answer an earlier question
You can see them both side by side hereunder:
It takes a list of tuples('label', score), with the score expressed as a percentage (value in the interval [0, 100]).
The number of data points adjusts to the data provided.
The scale of the chart can be adjusted.
import math
import tkinter as tk
class SpiderChart(tk.Canvas):
"""a canvas that displays datapoints as a SpiderChart
"""
width=500
height=500
def __init__(self, master, datapoints, concentrics=10, scale=200):
super().__init__(master, width=self.width, height=self.height)
self.scale = scale
self.center = self.width // 2, self.height // 2
self.labels = tuple(d[0] for d in datapoints)
self.values = tuple(d[1] for d in datapoints)
self.num_pts = len(self.labels)
self.concentrics = [n/(concentrics) for n in range(1, concentrics + 1)]
self.draw()
def position(self, x, y):
"""use +Y pointing up, and origin at center
"""
cx, cy = self.center
return x + cx, cy - y
def draw_circle_from_radius_center(self, radius):
rad = radius * self.scale
x0, y0 = self.position(-rad, rad)
x1, y1 = self.position(rad, -rad)
return self.create_oval(x0, y0, x1, y1, dash=(1, 3))
def draw_label(self, idx, label):
angle = idx * (2 * math.pi) / self.num_pts
d = self.concentrics[-1] * self.scale
x, y = d * math.cos(angle), d * math.sin(angle)
self.create_line(*self.center, *self.position(x, y), dash=(1, 3))
d *= 1.1
x, y = d * math.cos(angle), d * math.sin(angle)
self.create_text(*self.position(x, y), text=label)
def draw_polygon(self):
points = []
for idx, val in enumerate(self.values):
d = (val / 100) * self.scale
angle = idx * (2 * math.pi) / self.num_pts
x, y = d * math.cos(angle), d * math.sin(angle)
points.append(self.position(x, y))
self.create_polygon(points, fill='cyan')
def draw(self):
self.draw_polygon()
for concentric in self.concentrics:
self.draw_circle_from_radius_center(concentric)
for idx, label in enumerate(self.labels):
self.draw_label(idx, label)
class StellarChart(SpiderChart):
"""a canvas that displays datapoints as a StellarChart
"""
def draw_polygon(self):
points = []
da = math.pi / self.num_pts
b = .05 * self.scale
for idx, val in enumerate(self.values):
d = (val / 100) * self.scale
angle = idx * (2 * math.pi) / self.num_pts
x, y = d * math.cos(angle), d * math.sin(angle)
points.append(self.position(x, y))
xb, yb = b * math.cos(angle + da), b * math.sin(angle+da)
points.append(self.position(xb, yb))
self.create_polygon(points, width=3, outline='red', fill='pink', join=tk.ROUND)
data = [('stamina', 70), ('python-skill', 100), ('strength', 80), ('break-dance', 66), ('speed', 45), ('health', 72), ('healing', 90), ('energy', 12), ('libido', 100)]
root = tk.Tk()
stellar = StellarChart(root, data)
stellar.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
spider = SpiderChart(root, data)
spider.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
root.mainloop()

The Plotly library includes a starchart: https://plotly.com/python/radar-chart/